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Lesson 03 - 03. Functions, Arrays, Strings and Parameter Passing - 01

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Lesson 03 - 03. Functions, Arrays, Strings and Parameter Passing - 01

Uploaded by

th590668
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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03.

Functions, Arrays,
Strings and Parameter
Passing - 01
Oritented Object Programming C++: Chapter 03

 Time: 120 Minutes


 Instructor: Thang, Nguyen Chien
 Email: [email protected]
 Phone: 0349 688 571
Previous lessons

1. Introduction C++
 C++ vs C
 Compilers, IDEs
2. C++ Language Basics
 Types: int, float, double
 Control Structures: if, for, while, switch-case…

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Contents

I. Functions
 Remind how to use functions
II. Function Overloading
 What-When-How
III. Default Arguments
 What-When-How
IV. Arrays
 What-When-How

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Objectives

 Explain how a function works


 Explain function prototyping
 Demonstrate how function overloading
 Determine how default arguments are used with
functions
 Explain recursion with the help of an example
 Explain array initialization with example
 Demonstrate how passing arrays to functions

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I. Functions

 A function is a set of instructions that can perform a


specific task, and can be called by others.
 Benefits:
Reusability
Modularity
Overall programming simplicity
 Functions are classified into:
Library functions
User-defined functions

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I. Functions (cont.)

 Function definition
<return type> <function name>(<argument list>)
{
<body of the function>
}
 <return type> is void when the function return
no values
 return statement used in the body to exit a function
and return a value.
 In void functions, do not need the return
 <argument list>: can be empty
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 01:
void showRectangle() {
cout << "****************" << endl;
cout << "* *" << endl;
cout << "* *" << endl;
cout << "****************" << endl;
}
Output
int main() {
****************
showRectangle(); * *
return 0; * *
****************
}

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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
return y; Output
} The bigger number is 10
int main() {
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10;
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02: int x = a, int y = b

int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {


if (x > y)
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger 10
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
Output
…. 10
return x;
return y; The bigger number is 10
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger 10
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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I. Functions (cont.)

 Function Declaration
Describes the function interface to the compiler
When a function is called
• The compiler uses the template to ensure that proper
arguments are passed, and the return value is correctly
<return type> <function name>(<argument list>);
 Examples:
 int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y);
 int maxTwoNumbers(int, int);
 void printOddNumbersFrom(int k);

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I. Functions (cont.)

 Example 03:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y);
int main() {
int a = 2, b = 10;
int bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
}
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Contents

I. Functions
II. Function Overloading
III. Default Arguments
IV. Arrays

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II. Function Overloading

 Using the same function name but different


parameters to create functions that perform a variety
of different tasks
 Example: get average of 2, 3 or 4 numbers
float getAverage(float a, float b) {
return (a + b) / 2;
}
float getAverage(float a, float b, float c) {
return (a + b + c) / 3;
}
float getAverage(float a,float b, float c,float d) {
return (a + b + c + d) / 4;
}
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II. Function Overloading (cont.)
int main() {
// invoke getAverage(float a, float b)
cout << getAverage(1.2, 4.5) << endl;
// invoke getAverage(float a, float b, float c)
cout << getAverage(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
// invoke:
// getAverage(float a, float b, float c, float d)
cout << getAverage(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
Output
}
2.85
-0.766667
3.6

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Contents

I. Functions
II. Function Overloading
III. Default Arguments
IV. Arrays

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III. Default Arguments

 In C++ functions:
 Arguments can have default values from right to left
 Default values are specified when the function is declared.
 The function assigns a default value to the parameter which
does not have a matching argument in the function call
 Example:
 int sum(int a, int b, int c = 0); // OK
 int sum(int a, int b = 0, int c); // Not OK
 int sum(int a, int b = 0, int c = 0);// OK
 int sum(int a = 0, int b, int c = 0);//Not OK

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III. Default Arguments (cont.)

 Example 01:
float sum(float a, float b, float c = 0,
float d = 0) {
return (a + b + c + d);
Output
} sum(1.2, 4.5, 0, 0) 2.85
int main() { -0.766667
cout << sum(1.2, 4.5) << endl; 3.6
cout << sum(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
cout << sum(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
}
getAverage(1.2, 4.5, -7.5, 0)

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III. Default Arguments (cont.)

 Example 02:
float sum(float, float, float = 0, float = 0);
int main() {
cout << sum(1.2, 4.5) << endl;
cout << sum(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
cout << sum(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
}
float sum(float a, float b, float c, float d)
{
return (a + b + c + d);
}

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Contents

I. Functions
II. Function Overloading
III. Default Arguments
IV. Arrays

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Practices by Your-Self in 10 minutes

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Review 01

int Fibonacci(int n) {
if (n == 1 || n == 2)
return 1;
return Fibonacci(n - 1) + Fibonacci(n - 2);
}
int main() {
Output
cout << Fibonacci(5) << endl;
5
return 0;
}

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Review 02
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1; 2|3
a = a + 1; 2|4
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
} a 1

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
} a 1

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
} a 1
2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
2
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 1

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 1
2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
3
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1; 2|3
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 3
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1; 2|3
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 3
} a 2

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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1; 2|3
a = a + 1; 2|4
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 4
3
}
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Review 03
void func(int a, int b, int c) {
cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
} Output
int main() {
321
int i = 1;
func(i++, i++, i++);
return 0;
}

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Contents

I. Functions
II. Function Overloading
III. Default Arguments
IV. Arrays

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IV. Arrays

 An array in C++ is a collection of elements


Elements stored at contiguous memory locations
Elements can be accessed randomly using indices
of an array.
 Declaration for an array: type name [elements];
 Example:
int arr[4];
0 1 2 3
arr
int

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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Initializing arrays:
 int arr1[4] = {5, 7, 1, 2};
0 1 2 3
arr1 5 7 1 2

 int arr2[4] = {9, 2};


0 1 2 3
arr2 9 2 0 0

 int arr3[] = {7, 3, 5, 1, 2};


0 1 2 3 4
arr3 7 3 5 1 2

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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Array elements are accessed by using an integer


index.
 Array index starts with 0 and goes till size of array minus 1
 Syntax: name [index];
 Example:
int arr[4] = { 5, 7, 1, 2 };
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
Output
cout << arr[i] << " ";
5712
}
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[3]
arr 5 7 1 2

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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays


of arrays". arr2D[1]
 Example: int arr2D[3][4]; int[4]
arr2D 0 1 2 3
0
1
2

arr2D[2][3]
int
arr2D[0]
int[4]
arr2D[2] arr2D[1][1]
int[4] int
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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays


of arrays".
 Example: int arr[3][2][3];
int[2][3] int[2][3] int[2][3]
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2]

int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3]


arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[1][0] arr[1][1] arr[2][0] arr[2][1]

arr[2][0][2]
arr[0][1][0]
int
int
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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Initializing multidimensional arrays


int arr2D[2][3] = { {3, 2, 4}, {8, 2, 5} };
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
cout << arr2D[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
Output
}
324
arr2D 0 1 2 825
0 3 2 4
1 8 2 5

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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Example 01: Accessing an out-of-bounds value


int main() {
int arr[3] = { 2, 1, 9 }; Output
cout << arr[4]; 11533456
return 0;
}

arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[4]


….. 2 1 9 ??? …..

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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Example 02: Initializing multidimensional arrays


int arr2D[3][3] = { {3, 2}, {8} };
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
cout << arr2D[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
Output
}
320
arr2D 0 1 2 800
0 3 2 0 000
1 8 0 0
2 0 0 0
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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Example 03: Passing arrays to a function


int sum(int arr[], int size) {
int s = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
s += arr[i];
return s; Output
} size: 3
int main() { sum: 12
int arr[3] = { 2, 4, 6 };
int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
cout << "size: " << size << endl;
cout << "sum: " << sum(arr, size);
return 0;
} 54 Duy Tan University
IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Example 04: Passing multidimensional arrays


int sum(int arr[][3][2], int size) {
int s = 0;
...
return s;
}
int main() {
int arr[3][3][2] = {{{1,2},{3,2},{1,5}},
{{7,2},{8,1}} };
cout << "sum: " << sum(arr, 5);
return 0;
}
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IV. Arrays (cont.)

 Example 05: Accessing an out-of-bounds value


int main() {
int arr[4][2] = {{2,9}, {3,2}, {7,2}};
cout << "arr[0][4]: " << arr[0][4];
return 0; Output
} arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[0][4] arr[0][4]: 7
int int int

2
1 9
2 3 2
4 7
5 2
6 0
7 0
8
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[3]
int[2] int[2] int[2] int[2]

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Contents

I. Functions
II. Function Overloading
III. Default Arguments
IV. Arrays

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Summary

 Function declaration and definition likes C


 Function overloading: functions have a same name
 Arguments have default values, the values will be
assigned for parameters which does not have a
matching argument in function call
 An array in C++ is a collection of elements
 Elements stored at contiguous memory locations
 Elements can be accessed randomly using indices of an
array.
 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays
of arrays".
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Problems

1. Write a function to get the largest values in an array


2. Write input(…) and display(…) functions to get
values from the keyboard and display them in to the
screen.
3. Write a function to display all prime numbers in an
array.
4. Write iSort(…) function to sort elements increasing
in an array
5. Write iInsert(…) function to insert an element to a
sorted array.

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