SCHEDULE

01:00 – 02:00 Read Module 5

02:00 – 03:30 Lecture
03:30 – 04:00 Break
04:00 – 05:00 Module 5 Exam

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 MODULE 5

CABLING LANs AND WANs

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 Module Objectives

Upon completion of this module, the student will

be able to perform tasks related to the following:

1. Cabling the LAN

2. Cabling the WAN

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 Cabling LANs and WANs

This module discusses the design aspects that are common

to all LANs (e.g. standards and components). It also presents
information on elements of Ethernet LANs and common
LAN devices.

This module also presents information on the various WAN

connections available today, ranging from dial-up to
broadband access, and differ in bandwidth, cost, and required
equipment.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 4

 Cabling the LAN
LAN Physical Layer
Media carry a flow of information
through a LAN (Layer 1
components).
Advantages and disadvantages:
• Cable length
• Cost
• Ease of installation
• Susceptibility to interference

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 Cabling the LAN
LAN Physical Layer
Subset of physical layer
implementations that can be
deployed to support Ethernet.

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 Cabling the LAN
Ethernet in the Campus
Ethernet was first implemented by the
Digital, Intel, and Xerox group (DIX).
DIX created and implemented the first
Ethernet LAN specification, which was
used as the basis for IEEE 802.3
specification, which was later extended
to three new committees known as:
• 802.3u (Fast Ethernet)
• 802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber)
• 802.3ab (Gigabit Ethernet over UTP)

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 Cabling the LAN
Ethernet in the Campus
An Ethernet speed of 10 Mbps can be used at
the user level to provide good performance.
Clients or servers that require more
bandwidth can use 100-Mbps Ethernet.
Fast Ethernet is used as the link between user
and network devices. It can support the
combination of all traffic from each Ethernet
segment.
To enhance client-server performance across
the campus network and avoid bottlenecks,
Fast Ethernet can be used to connect
enterprise servers.
Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet, as
affordable, should be implemented between
backbone devices.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 8

 Cabling the LAN
Ethernet Media and Connector Requirements

The categories of cabling defined for Ethernet are derived from the EIA/TIA-
568 (SP-2840) Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standards.
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 Cabling the LAN
Connection Media
AUI connector allows different media to
connect when used with the appropriate
transceiver.
Typically, a transceiver converts an AUI
to RJ-45, coax, or fiber optic connector.
On 10BASE5 Ethernet, or Thicknet, a
short cable is used to connect the AUI
with a transceiver on the main cable.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 10

 Cabling the LAN
UTP Implementation
EIA/TIA specifies an RJ (registered jack)
45 (wiring sequence) connector for UTP
cable.
• T1 – T4: “tip”, carry voltage
• R1 – R4: “ring”, grounded
The RJ-45 connector is the male
component and the jack is the female
component in a network device, wall
outlet, or patch panel.

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 Cabling the LAN
UTP Implementation
For electricity to run between the
connector and the jack, the order of the
wires must follow EIA/TIA-T568-A or
T568-B standards.
Identify the correct EIA/TIA category of
cable to use for a connecting device by
determining what standard is being used
by the jack on the network device.
Identifying the correct EIA/TIA category
of cable:
• Straight-through cable (both nodes
= 568A or 568B)
• Crossover cable (one node = 568A,
one node = 568B)
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 Cabling the LAN
UTP Implementation
Straight-through cable - the order of the
colored wires is the same at each end.

Crossover cable - some of the wires on

one side of the cable are crossed to a
different pin on the other side of the
cable (pins 1 and 2 on one connector
connect respectively to pins 3 and 6 on
the other).

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 Cabling the LAN
UTP Implementation
Use straight-through cables for the following
cabling:
• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or server
Use crossover cables for the following cabling:
• Switch to switch
• Switch to hub
• Hub to hub
• Router to router
• PC to PC
• Router to PC

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 Cabling the LAN
Repeaters
A repeater receives a signal, regenerates
it, and passes it on.
The Four Repeater Rule (for 10-Mbps
Ethernet) states that “no more than four
repeaters can be used between hosts on
a LAN”.
This rule is used to limit latency added to
frame travel by each repeater. Too much
latency on the LAN increases the number
of late collisions and makes the LAN less
efficient.

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 Cabling the LAN
Hubs
Hubs (4 – 24 ports) are multiport
repeaters (2 ports).
Types:
Passive hub - serves as a physical
connection point only.
Active hub - amplifies the incoming
signal before passing it out to the other
ports.
Intelligent hub - functions as active
hubs, but also include a microprocessor
chip and diagnostic capabilities.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 16

 Cabling the LAN
Wireless
Wireless signals are electromagnetic
waves that travel through the air, use
Radio Frequency (RF), laser, infrared
(IR), or satellite/microwaves to carry
signals from one computer to another
without a permanent cable connection.
Examples:
• Commuters
• Airplanes
• Satellites
• Remote space probes
• Space shuttles and space stations

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 17

 Cabling the LAN
Wireless
Two most common wireless technologies
Infrared (IR)-based network suits
environments where all the digital
devices that require network connectivity
are in one room.
Radio Frequency technology allows
devices to be in different rooms or even
buildings.
• Single radio frequency (data
transmission is not secured)
• Multiple radio frequency (spread
spectrum avoids insecure data
transmission)

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 18

 Cabling the LAN
Bridges
The devices that are used to connect
network segments together include
bridges, switches, routers, and
gateways.
Switches and bridges operate at the
Data Link layer of the OSI model.
Bridge makes intelligent decisions about
whether or not to pass signals on to the
next segment of a network.

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 Cabling the LAN
Bridges
When a bridge receives a frame on the
network, the destination MAC address is
looked up in the bridge table to determine
whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame
onto another segment.
If destination is on the same segment, the
bridge blocks the frame from going on to
other segments (filtering).
If destination is on a different segment, the
bridge forwards the frame to the
appropriate segment.
If destination is unknown, the bridge
forwards the frame to all segments except
the one on which it was received
(flooding).
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 Cabling the LAN
Switches
A switch is sometimes described as a
multiport bridge.
Like bridges, switches learn certain
information about the data packets that
are received from various computers on
the network.
Switches use this information to build
forwarding tables to determine the
destination of data being sent by one
computer to another computer on the
network.
A switch chooses the port to which the
destination device or workstation is
connected (improved speed and
bandwidth).
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 Cabling the LAN
Switches
Two basic operations
Switching data frames
The process by which a frame is received
on an input medium and then transmitted
to an output medium.
Maintenance of switching operations
Switches build and maintain switching
tables and search for loops.

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 Cabling the LAN
Switches
Benefits
• Allows many users to communicate in
parallel through the use of virtual circuits
and dedicated network segments in a
virtually collision-free environment.
• Moving to a switched LAN environment is
very cost effective because existing
hardware and cabling can be reused.

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 Cabling the LAN
Host Connectivity
NICs (also referred to as a network
adapter) connect a host device to the
network medium and control host access to
the medium.
NICs are considered Layer 2 devices
because each NIC carries a unique code
called a MAC address (controls data
communication for the host on the
network).

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 24

 Cabling the LAN
Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-peer Environment
• Networked computers act as equal
partners, or peers.
• Individual users control their own
resources.
• Relatively easy to install and operate.

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 Cabling the LAN
Client/Server
Client/server Environment
• Network services are located on a
dedicated computer called a server –
which responds to the requests of
clients.
• Servers are designed to handle requests
from many clients simultaneously.

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 Cabling the LAN
Client/Server

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 Cabling the LAN
Client/Server

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 Cabling the WAN
WAN Physical Layer
The physical layer implementations vary
depending on the distance of the
equipment from the services, the speed,
and the type of service.
Serial connections are used to support
WAN services such as dedicated leased
lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
or Frame Relay.

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 Cabling the WAN
WAN Serial Connections
WANs use serial transmission for long
distance communication.
Bits of data are sent over a single channel
and provides more reliable long distance
communication.
Bandwidth is a measure of the bits per
second that are transmitted.

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 Cabling the WAN
WAN Serial Connections
For a Cisco router, physical connectivity at
the customer site is provided by one of two
types of serial connections.
• 60-pin connector
• More compact ‘smart serial’ connector
If connection is made directly to a service
provider, or a device that provides signal
clocking such as a channel/data service
unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data
terminal equipment (DTE) and uses a DTE
serial cable.
If a local router is required to provide the
clocking rate, it uses a data
communications equipment (DCE) cable.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 31

 Cabling the WAN
Routers and Serial Connections
Routers are responsible for routing data
packets from source to destination within
the LAN, and for providing connectivity to
the WAN.
DTE is the endpoint of the user’s device on
the WAN link.
DCE is typically the point where
responsibility for delivering data passes
into the hands of the service provider.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 32

 Cabling the WAN
Routers and Serial Connections
When connecting directly to a service
provider, or to a device such as a CSU/DSU
that will perform signal clocking, the router
is a DTE and needs a DTE serial cable.
When performing a back-to-back router
scenario in a test environment, one of the
routers will be a DTE and the other will be
a DCE.

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 Cabling the WAN
Routers and Serial Connections

Interfaces on routers with fixed serial ports are labeled for port type
and port number.
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 Cabling the WAN
Routers and Serial Connections

Interfaces on routers with modular serial ports are labeled for port
type, slot, and port number.
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 Cabling the WAN
Routers and ISDN BRI Connections
Two types of ISDN BRI interfaces are BRI
S/T and BRI U.
Determine who is providing the Network
Termination 1 (NT1) device to determine
which interface type is needed.
NT1 is an intermediate device located
between the router and the service
provider ISDN switch.
A BRI interface with an integrated NT1 is
labeled BRI U. A BRI interface without an
integrated NT1 is labeled BRI S/T.
To interconnect the ISDN BRI port to the
service-provider device, use a UTP
Category 5 straight-through cable.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 36

 Cabling the WAN
Routers and DSL Connections
The Cisco 827 ADSL router has one
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
interface. To connect an ADSL line to the
ADSL port on a router, do the following:
• Connect the phone cable to the ADSL
port on the router.
• Connect the other end of the phone
cable to the phone jack.
To connect a router for DSL service, use a
phone cable with RJ-11 connectors.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 37

 Cabling the WAN
Routers and Cable Connections
The Cisco uBR905 cable access router
provides high-speed network access on the
cable television system to residential and
small office, home office (SOHO)
subscribers.
The uBR905 router has a coaxial cable, or
F-connector, interface that connects
directly to the cable system. Coaxial cable
and a BNC connector are used to connect
the router and cable system.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 38

 Cabling the WAN
Setting Up Console Connections
To initially configure the Cisco device, a
management connection must be directly
connected to the device called a console
port.
Console port allows monitoring and
configuration of a Cisco hub, switch, or
router.
The rollover cable, also known as a console
cable, has a different pinout than the
straight-through or crossover RJ-45 cables
used with Ethernet or the ISDN BRI.

04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 39

 Cabling the WAN
Setting Up Console Connections
To set up a connection between the
terminal and the Cisco console port:
Connect the devices using a rollover cable
from the router console port to the
workstation serial port (an RJ-45-to-DB-9
or an RJ-45-to-DB-25 adapter may be
required for the PC or terminal).
Configure the terminal emulation
application with the following common
equipment (COM) port settings:
9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit,
and no flow control.

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 NEXT TOPIC . . .

MODULE 6 – ETHERNET FUNDAMENTALS

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04/14/24 CCNA Semester 1 42