Cell

MELCs: division
1. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle
and their control points.
2. Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis.
3. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their
role in the cell-division cycle.
4. Explain the significance or applications of
mitosis and meiosis
INTRODUCTION
• When you have a wound,
eventually it will heal. Why is
this so?
• There will always be a trait that
you will inherit from your
parent. What explains this?
• These two are related to cell
division.
• Two types of cell division:
Mitosis & Meiosis.
THE
•
CHROMOSOME
All living things contain a self-
replicating genetic material.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
is the genetic material located
inside a chromosome in the
nucleus of the cell.
• It is helical in its structure;
• In humans, there are 46
chromosomes.
 CHROMOSOM
CHROMATIN
ES
 Cell division
• Cell division is the process by
which a single cell divides
into two or more daughter
cells, each with the potential
to grow, develop, and carry
out specific functions.
 CELL
DIVISION

MITOSI MEIOSI
S S
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
• Mitosis is the process by
which a single cell divides
into two identical daughter
cells.
• Meiosis is the process by
which a single cell divides
into four daughter cells,
each with half the number
of chromosomes of the
parent cell.
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
• Mitosis takes place in body
cells called somatic cells.
• E.g., increase in ht. & wt;
wound healing.
• Meiosis takes place in the
ovaries & testes of animals.
• Formation of gametes or sex
cells– which are sperm & egg
cells.
HISTORY
• New cells are formed through
cell division.
• It was developed by Rudolf
Virchow, a German
pathologist.
• He observed that one cell
divides and becomes two.
• The two daughter cells also
divides later on.
• The process is called cell cycle.
The interphase
• The nucleus is the control center
of the cell.
• Most of the processes of cell
division happens within it.
• Interphase is the longest period
in the cell cycle.
• Subdivided into 3 cycles:
• G1: Cell growth
• S: DNA Replication
• G2: Preparation for Mitosis
STAGES OF MITOSIS
(m-phase)
Remember
• Mitosis takes place in body cells
called somatic cells.
• To easily remember: PMAT is the
acronym.
• Stage 1: Prophase
• Stage 2: Metaphase
• Stage 3: Anaphase
• Stage 4: Telophase
SUMMARY
S1: PROPHASE
• Chromosomes Pair up.
• The chromatins (one-stranded
protein) change until they
become double-stranded.
• After becoming double-stranded,
it now becomes chromatids.
• Spindle fibers later on becomes
well developed.
S1: PROPHASE
S2: METAPHASE
• Chromosomes Meet in the
middle.
• The chromatids align at the
equator of the cell.
• Each chromatid is attached to
the spindle fiber (chromosome
separator)
• Spindle fibers connect the
centromere (middle part of the
chromosome)
S2: metaphase
S3: ANAPHASE
• Chromosomes get pulled apart
• The centromere splits, separating
the chromatids into new, single-
stranded chromosomes.
• The chromosomes then migrate
toward their respective poles.
S3: ANAphase
S4: telophase
• The final stage of mitosis.
• The chromosomes have now
reached the end pole.
• A cleavage is formed
• The nucleus divides, called
karyokinesis.
• The chromatid is uncoiled.
• The cytoplasm divides, called
cytokinesis.
• It completely divides a cell into
two identical daughter cells.
S4: teloPHASE
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
 IMPORTANCE
OF MITOSIS
1. Growth and Development
Mitosis is essential for the growth and
development of multicellular organisms. It
allows cells to divide and multiply, leading
to the formation of tissues, organs, and
organ systems.
 IMPORTANCE OF
MITOSIS
2. Repair and Maintenance
When tissues are damaged, such as in
the case of a cut or injury, mitosis
allows for the replacement of the
damaged cells with new, healthy cells.
 IMPORTANCE OF
MITOSIS
3. Asexual Reproduction
In some organisms, mitosis allows for the
production of genetically identical daughter
cells, ensuring that the offspring are identical to
the parent cell.
ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
• On a ½ sheet of paper, match what are the things that
happens during each stage of mitosis
• 1. G1
• 2. S • A. Pairing up
• 3. G2 • B. Preparation
• 4. Prophase • C. Division/separate
• 5. Metaphase • D. Cell Growth
• 6. Anaphase • E. Meet at the middle
• 7. Telophase • F. DNA Replication
• 8. Cytokinesis • G. Pulling Apart
• H. Cleavage
STAGES OF meiosis
Note that:
• Meiosis takes place in the ovaries & testes
of animals.
• Formation of gametes or sex cells– which
are sperm & egg cells.
• Combination of trait of two parents to
produce an individual.
• Two divisions: Meiosis I & Meiosis II
STAGES OF meiosis
• It will always start on the
process called interphase
(similar to mitosis).
• The starting cell has 46
chromosomes.
Meiosis i
• Prophase I: Has the same process
as mitosis.
• However, synapsis happens
• Synapsis is the connecting of two
homologous chromosomes to form
a tetrad (two pairs of
chromosomes)
• As a result, trait mixes, called
crossing over.
PROPHASE I: PAIR Up from
mom & dad
METAPHASE I: MEET AT
THE MIDDLE
ANAPHASE I: Separate to
end poles
TELOPHASE I:
CLEAVAGE
Meiosis
ii
PROPHASE II
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
TELOPHASE II
SUMMARY
MITOSIS VS.
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Somatic Cells Sex Cells
One cell division Two cell divisions
Two daughter cells Four daughter cells
Single Chromosome Double Chromosome
Diploid (2n)= 46 Haploid (n)= 23
Genetically identical Shows variation