• The tables compare the sales figures for two Fairtrade

products in the UK, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium,

and Sweden in two separate years.
• Overall, sales of Fairtrade coffee increased in all five
countries, while there was mixed success for similarly
labelled bananasignificantly higher sales than the rests,
and the leading country in each table had.
• Sales of Fairtrade coffee were relatively modest in
1999, and Switzerland was the largest consumer with
€3 million in sales. Despite this figure doubling in 2004,
the UK rose from third place (with €1.5 million) to lead
the table with €20 million worth of sales in the same
year. A figure that was considerably higher than in any
other country. Although the three remaining countries
also saw increases, these were marginal with gains of
between 0.2 and 0.7 million euros.
• With Fairtrade bananas, Switzerland was again the
leader in 1999 and dominated this table in both years
with sales increasing from €15 million to a striking €47
million. Although considerably lower, the UK and
Belgium saw similar growths in this category, increasing
by just over 5 times their 1999 figures to reach €5.5
and €4 million respectively. In contrast , Sweden and
Denmark experienced a drop in sales, with the 2004
figures (€1 million and € 0.9 million) almost half of
those of 5 years earlier .
• The line graph shows variations in the weekly consumption of fish
and three types of meat in one European country from 1979 to
2004.

• Although there were fluctuations , overall, people in this country

consistently ate more meat than fish , and the general trend was to
move away from beef and lamb as chicken became the dominant
food in this category.

• In the first decade, beef was consumed in significantly higher

quantities than the other foods listed. Despite an initial sharp fall to
approximately 175 grams, it then recovered reaching a high of close
to 240 grams per week. However, from 1989 onwards, beef
consumption fell almost continually , and by 2004 had almost
halved. Lamb almost exactly mirrored this fluctuating trend, falling
from second highest initially (at 150 grams) to approximately 60
grams per week by the end of the period .

• In contrast, chicken climbed from less than 150 grams in 1979 and
took the lead from around 1990 onwards . Interestingly, the
increases in chicken corresponded with the declines in beef and
lamb, and by 2002 chicken consumption had exceeded all previous
rates, reaching approximately 260 grams a week, although this peak
was not maintained .

• Fish was consistently eaten the least, beginning at around 60 grams

per week then dropping to below 50 grams. While it was the lowest,
it remained relatively stable for the majority of the period.
• The two maps show an island both before and after it was
developed as a tourist destination.

• Overall, most development took place on the western and central

areas of the island, where a small number of tourist amenities have
been built, while the eastern coast has been left in its natural state.

• Prior to development, this relatively small island was uninhabited. In

terms of its natural features, there was a beach area on the west
coast, and some vegetation, which was more dense on the eastern
part of the island. As part of the development programme, this
vegetation has largely been retained, with some building work
fitting around existing trees.

• Following construction, although the island is now more developed,

the style of the buildings is generally sympathetic to the natural
environment, with relatively simple, single-storey accommodation
and only two larger, two-storey buildings. The main structures are a
central reception building and a restaurant just north of this.
Visitors can stay in hut-style accommodation, which is grouped on
either side of the reception. In terms of access, while tracks have
been created for vehicles, these are limited to the main buildings.
However, there are footpaths linking the accommodation to the
swimming beach and other facilities. Reaching the island has been
made easier with the addition of a pier on the south coast, which
also allows for sailing.
• The plans show a university sports centre as it is now and the new
layout following its redevelopment.

• Overall, while some outdoor facilities will be lost, the new centre will
be significantly larger and will cater for a wider range of sports.

• The sports centre currently consists of a relatively small central

building with an outdoor court on each side. The building houses a
25-metre pool, with a seating area and changing room, and there is a
gym to the rear and a reception area to the front.

• Following the renovations, only the central pool and its facilities will
remain the same. The building will be expanded to the east and west
removing the outdoor courts and making way for more indoor
facilities. These include a leisure pool on the western side, which will
be slightly larger than the existing one and will have its own changing
room, and on the eastern side, a new sports hall, and two dance
studios. The current gym will be lengthened so that it is double its
current size. The reception area will also be widened making it more
spacious. On arrival, visitors to the new centre will benefit from a
third changing room, a sports shop and a café, all located around the
reception area.
• The diagram shows the different stages in the life cycle of a salmon.

• Overall, the cycle takes almost ten years and comprises three main
stages, each of which takes place in a different aquatic environment .

• The salmon begins life as an egg, in the slow-moving waters of the

upper river, sheltered by reeds and small stones. Over a period of five
to six months, the eggs hatch into very small fish known as ‘fry’,
which can grow up to eight centimetres in length . The fry then move
to the faster flowing water of the lower river, where they remain for a
period of four years and continue to grow. During this phase, they
can double or triple in size, reaching 12 to 15 centimetres, and are
now referred to as ‘smolt’.

• At the end of this stage, the smolt leave the river for the open sea,
where they will spend the next five years of their life. It is in this salt-
water environment that the fish develops its characteristic shape and
colouring and reaches its full length of 70 to 76 centimetres, almost
ten times its original size. Finally, the adult salmon will return to the
slow-moving river to lay its eggs, and the cycle will begin again.
• The diagram shows the process used to make sugar.

• Overall, this is a largely mechanical process comprising two main

stages: the farming of sugar cane and the processing of the crop ,
which turns it into a liquid and eventually into sugar.

• The first stage of the process is the longest as the sugar cane takes
between 12 to 18 months to grow tall enough for harvesting. Once it
is fully grown , the crop can be harvested in two ways, either
mechanically using specialist machinery or by hand , a much more
labour-intensive method .

• The second stage is wholly mechanical and involves five steps. First,
the plants are crushed to form a juice, which is then extracted. The
juice is purified by passing it through a limestone filter before being
heated. During this step, the liquid content of the juice evaporates
leaving behind a syrup. The syrup is then put in a centrifuge and
spun at a high enough speed to separate out the sugar crystals,
which are subsequently dried and cooled to produce the final
product .
• The bar chart shows the percentage of people who owned their
home or lived in rented accommodation in England and Wales from
1918 to 2011.

• Overall, renting a house became less and less common as more

people owned their own home, although this trend showed signs of
change at the end of the period.

• In 1918, rented accommodation was the dominant sector, with the

majority of residents in England and Wales (nearly 80%) falling into
this category. However, in 1939, it decreased noticeably, falling to
less than 70%. While it remained relatively stable until 1953, from
this point on, fewer and fewer people were living in rented
accommodation, and the figure dropped steadily. It reached its
lowest point of around 30% in 2001, although it did rise slightly in
2011, the final year of the period.

• In contrast, home ownership followed the opposite trend. In 1918,

just over 20% of families owned their own home. However, this
figure rose steadily, and in 1971 it equalled the figure for rented
accommodation, overtaking it from 1981. By the end of the period,
the percentage of households living in their own home had reached
more than 60%, although this was slightly lower than its peak of just
under 70% in the previous decade.
• The bar chart shows the percentage of Australian men and women
of different ages who engaged in regular exercise in the year 2010.

• Overall, female participation generally increased with age, while the

reverse was true for males until middle age, and males experienced a
lower peak and trough than the corresponding figures for females.

• In the youngest age group, males outnumbered females, with 52.8%

of 15- to 24-year-olds taking part in regular activity compared to
47.7% of females. However, this was the peak age range for men as
numbers declined from this point on, reaching their lowest point at
35 to 44 years, when just under 40% exercised regularly. Although
the figure increased again from the age of 45, male participation
rates remained below 50% for almost all age groups.

• In contrast, the younger females generally exercised less than their

older counterparts. From the age of 25, female participation rates
increased marginally but steadily, peaking at 55.3% between the
ages of 45 and 54, then falling to their lowest point (47.1%) in the
oldest group. Notably, more than 50% of women aged 35 to 64
exercised on a regular basis. Only from age 65 and over were the
figures for both genders near parity at 46.7% (males) and 47.1%
(females).
• The pie charts show the percentage of the population in three age
groups in Italy and Yemen in 2000 and predictions for 2050.

• Overall, both countries are predicted to experience an ageing

population, although Yemen will have a far younger population than
Italy.

• In 2000, the population of Yemen was relatively young, with just over
half aged 14 and under (50.1%). This was followed closely by those
aged 15-59 (46.4%), and only 3.6% were aged 60 or above. Over the
next 50 years, the population is expected to change (expect, change)
considerably, with a significant fall in the youngest category, which
could drop to 37%, and corresponding increases in the two older
groups. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that (anticipate) the majority
of inhabitants will be (be) aged 15 to 59 (57.3%).

• In comparison, Italy had a much older population in 2000. This was

dominated by the 15 to 59 age group, who made up (make up) two-
thirds of the total (61.6%), while the 60 and over group accounted
for (account) almost a quarter (24.1%). By 2050, both the youngest
and middle aged groups are predicted to have declined (predict,
decline), falling to 11.5% and 46.2% respectively, while the oldest
group is expected to double (expect, double) in size, reaching 42.3%.
This is in stark contrast to Yemen, where less than 6% of the
population will be (be) 60 or older.
• The bar charts show how regularly people in the USA ate fast food in
2003, 2006, and 2013.

• Overall, although most people ate fast food, frequent consumption

generally experienced a downward trend, while there was an
upward trend in less frequent consumption, and more extreme
patterns remained relatively unchanged.

• At the top and bottom ends of the scale, most patterns changed
slightly in 2006 then remained stable. Over the ten-year period, the
proportion of people who rarely included fast food in their diet
increased, rising from approximately 13% to 15%, while the two
most extreme patterns decreased. Interestingly, these had the
lowest figures overall, with only slightly more people never eating
fast food (5% falling to 4%) in comparison to those eating it daily (4%
declining to 3%).

• More regular consumption had higher figures, and similar trends

were observed in those who ate fast food once or multiple times a
week. Despite increasing in 2006 (from approximately 31% to 33%
and 17% to 20% respectively), they both fell in 2013, to 27% and
16%. In contrast, the figures for once or twice per month fell initially
(from 30% to 25%) before rising to around 37%. Notably, this marked
a peak in the data, showing that most people ate fast food on a
monthly rather than a weekly basis by the end of the period.
• The line graph shows usage levels of different types of energy in one
country from 2000 to 2020, and projections up to 2050.

• Overall, total energy use is predicted to rise, with fossil fuels

consistently far exceeding green energy, and petrol and oil remaining
the dominant source of fuel.

• With non-renewables, in the first twenty years, petrol and oil

consumption increased from 35 to just over 40 quadrillion units,
despite several falls, and is expected to rise to just below 50
quadrillion in 2050. Coal use followed a similar pattern, albeit at a
lower rate. It remained relatively stable at around 23 quadrillion
units from 2015 and is predicted to increase from 2025, eventually
reaching 33 quadrillion. In contrast, use of natural gas has fluctuated
continually and is expected to peak at 25 quadrillion units in 2035
before declining.

• Notably, more sustainable energy sources are used far less, all
remaining close to 5 quadrillion units up to 2020. Nuclear energy has
led this sector since 2010 and is expected to continue to do so with a
peak of approximately 7 quadrillion units in 2025. Despite a
predicted downward trend until 2045, it should regain this level in
2050. Solar and wind are forecast to mirror nuclear’s rising trend,
increasing to around six quadrillion units, while hydropower
generally declined from 2015 and is projected to remain the lowest
at around 3 quadrillion units.
• The diagram shows the different stages in the life cycle of one
species of butterfly.

• Overall, there are four main stages in the life of this insect, which
transforms from an egg to a caterpillar and ultimately a butterfly
over a period of approximately six to ten weeks.

• The Monarch butterfly begins life as an egg, which is laid on the

leaves of the milkweed plant. After four to seven days, the egg
hatches and a small caterpillar emerges . The caterpillar feeds on the
leaves of the plant for up to three weeks, growing bigger in size.
Once it has reached approximately two centimetres in length, the
caterpillar forms into a chrysalis and attaches itself to a branch. It
remains in this state for one to two weeks.

• By the end of the chrysalis stage, the caterpillar has transformed into
a butterfly. The adult insect has a wing-span of seven to ten
centimetres and is much more colourful in appearance. It can now
fly in search of food, and feeds on nectar found in flowering plants.
With a life span of only two to four weeks, it eventually seeks out a
milkweed plant to lay the eggs of the next generation, and the cycle
begins again.
• The diagram shows the main stages involved in generating electricity
using geothermal energy.

• This process makes use of a natural resource (geothermal energy) to

heat water, and the resulting steam is then used to power turbines
and produce electricity. It requires the drilling of deep underground
wells as well as specialised equipment and electricity generators
above ground.

• The first three stages of this process are largely below ground, and
begin with cold water being pumped into an injection well that runs
4.5 kilometres deep below the earth. The water is then passed
through hot rocks that lie in the geothermal zone, which heat up the
water naturally. The hot water is now pumped back to the surface
through a second well, known as the production well.

• Above ground, the hot water reaches a condenser, and gives off
steam. This steam is used to power a generator turbine, which spins
and, in turn, generates electricity. In the final stage, the electricity is
passed on to a pylon for distribution through power cables.
• The two plans show Southwest Airport as it was (be) in 1980 and
after being redeveloped (redevelop) in 2020.

• Overall, the number of gates was increased (increase) significantly,

while the main building generally remains (remain) unchanged apart
from the addition of more up-to-date facilities.

• In 1980, the airport had (have) very few facilities for departing
passengers, with only a coffee shop on the right-hand side, opposite
a check-in counter. There were (be) no facilities beyond passport
control and security, and passengers had to walk to the eight
departure gates. Arriving passengers had (have) no amenities at all.

• Following redevelopment, both arriving and departing visitors are

(be) better catered for, beginning with double the number of
entrances and exits. In the departures area, the coffee shop has been
moved (move) to the opposite side, closer to the front, and the
check-in desk has taken (took) its place, making room for a new
baggage drop counter. Although the security area has not changed
(not change), beyond this section, passengers are now able to (now
be able) shop and can use the new sky train service to reach the
expanded gate area, with ten additional gates. Arriving passengers
also now have (have) access to a coffee shop and a currency
exchange. The only structural change to the main building is / was
(be) a small annexe in the front right-hand corner, where passengers
can hire (hire) a car. All