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Research Design

The document discusses different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, and correlational. It describes the key elements and phases of research design as well as merits and demerits of different design types.

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Esai Kanaga Yadav
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31 views30 pages

Research Design

The document discusses different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, and correlational. It describes the key elements and phases of research design as well as merits and demerits of different design types.

Uploaded by

Esai Kanaga Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH DESIGN - OVERVIEW

SUBMITTED BY :

K.R. MANJU YADAV

1ST YEAR, ME ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PANDIAN SARASWATHI YADAV ENGINEERING COLLEGE


DESIGN
• Design at a basic level means planning. Generally some decisions are to be
taken before the actual action.

• The design is a plan to ensure that action achieves its objectives.

• It is the way to avoid wasteful expenditure of money, time and energy.

• Research design is the blueprint for research.

• The researcher records his decisions by using relevant symbols or concepts


and these symbolic constructions are called as research design.
DEFINITON OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• It is the skeleton of research project.

• Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning
an inquiry or a research study constitute a research.

• It is a process of deliberate anticipation directed towards bringing an expected


situation under control.
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• Research design refers to the framework of market research methods and
techniques that are chosen by a researcher.

• The design that is chosen by the researchers allow them to utilize the methods
that are suitable for the study and to set up their studies successfully in the
future as well.

• The design of a research can be either qualitative, quantitative, or mixed.


ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
• A research design cannot be decided without an accurate purpose or problem
statement.

• Research designs also include various sampling methods and tools that will be
used for collecting data for the research.

• Research designs guide the methods used for data analysis.

• Research designs include several types of research methodology.


• Research designs help narrowing down to a probable objective of the research.

• Different research designs require different settings for the conduction of a


study.

• Research designs also outline the general timeline it will take to conduct a
study using different research methods.

• Research designs help researchers to narrow down to a particular measurement


of analysis.
FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN
A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves
the consideration of the following factors

1. The means of obtaining information

2. The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any

3. The objective of the problem to be studied

4. The nature of the problem to be studied

5. The availability of time and money for the research work.


RESEARCH DESIGN BASED ON
• What is the study about?

• Why is the study being made?

• Where will the study be carried out?

• What type of data is required?

• What will be the sample design?


• How will the data be analyzed?

• Where the required data can be found?

• What techniques of data collection will be used?

• In what style the report will be prepared?

• How the research purpose can be achieved with minimum expenditure of


money, time and energy?
PHASES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
4 phases of research design . They are

1. Sampling design

2. Observational design

3. Statistical design

4. Operational design

• Sampling design : deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for
the given study.
• Observational design: relates to the conditions under which the observations
are to be made.

• Statistical design: deals with the question of how many subjects are to be
observed and how the observations are to be analyzed

• Operational design: deal with the specific techniques by which the procedures
specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried
out.
CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

• Dependent and independent variables

• Research hypotheses

• Testing research- experimental & non-experimental

• Control groups

• Treatments

• Experimental unit
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS
There are 5 different types of research designs. They are

1. Exploratory or formulative studies

2. Descriptive studies

3. Diagnostic studies

4. Experimental studies

5. Correlational Research Design


EXPLORATORY OR FORMULATIVE
STUDIES
• Exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few
or no earlier studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome.

• The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation.

• Exploratory designs are often used to establish an understanding of how best to


proceed in studying an issue or what methodology would effectively apply to
gathering information about the issue.
GOALS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• Familiarity with the basic details, settings and concerns.

• Generation of new ideas and assumptions.

• Development of tentative theories and hypotheses.

• Direction for future research and techniques get developed.

• Determination about whether a study is feasible in future.

• Formulation of new research questions.


MERITS
• Useful approach for getting information on a particular topic.

• It is flexible and can address research questions of all types.

• Provides opportunity to define new terms.

• It is often used to develop more precise research problems.

• Helps in prioritizing of resources allocation.


DEMERITS
• Generally utilizes small sample sizes hence findings are not applicable to large
population.

• It inhibits an ability to make definite conclusions about the findings.

• Though the research process is flexible it is unstructured.

• Unable to determine which method best fits the research problem.


DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
• It helps provide answers to the questions of who, what, where and how
associated with a particular research problem.

• A descriptive study is used to obtain information concerning the current status


of the phenomena and to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation.
MERITS

• The subject is observed in a completely natural environment. True experiments


give analyzable data often influencing the normal behavior of the subject.

• It is used as a pre-cursor to more quantitative research designs with overview


of giving valuable information of what variable are worth testing
quantitatively.

• It yields rich data and large data collection.


DEMERITS
• This method cannot be used to discover a definitive answer or to disapprove a
hypotheses.

• As this method uses observational method the results cannot be replicated.

• This method is heavily dependent on instrumentation for measurement and


observation.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
• A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to maintain control
over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment.

• The researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur.

• It is often used where there is time priority and the magnitude of the correlation
is great.

• True experiments must have control, randomization and manipulation.


IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
• Before and after with control design

• Before and after without control design

• After only with control design

• Completely randomized design

• Randomized block design

• Latin square design

• Factorial designs
MERITS
• Experimental research allows the researcher to control the situation also allows
the researcher to answer the question , “what causes something to occur?”

• This model supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer
direct casual relationships in the study.

• Approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies.


DEMERITS
• The design is artificial and results may not generalize with the real world.

• The artificial settings of experiments may alter the behavior or responses of


the participants.

• Experimental designs can be costly if special equipment or facilities are


needed.

• Some research problems cannot be studied by this method due to ethical or


technical reasons.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
• The researcher must be able to define clearly, what he/she wants to measure
and must find adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear cut
definition of population he/she wants to study.

• It consist of 3 parts

1. Creation

2. Diagnosis and

3. Solution for the issue


METHODS OF DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
STUDIES
• Formulating the objective of the study.

• Designing the methods of data collection.

• Collecting the data.

• Processing and analyzing the data.

• Reporting the findings.


CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
• A correlation refers to an association or a relationship between two entities.

• A correlational research studies how one entity impacts the other and what are
the changes that are observed when either one of them changes.

• This research method is carried out to understand naturally occurring


relationships between variables.
MERITS
• Two groups are required to conduct a correlational quantitative research
successfully.

• A correlation coefficient is a numeric that determines the strength of the


relationship between two variables and it ranges from -1 to +1.

• If the correlation coefficient obtained is -1 it indicates a perfect negative


relationship between the two variables, i.e. as one variable increases (age) the
other variable decreases (purchase of sports products).
DEMERITS
• The variables under this study are not in control of the researcher, the
researcher is simply trying to establish whether or not a relationship between
two variables exists.

• Since correlational studies only give us an understanding of whether there is a


relationship between two groups, it does not establish causation.
CONCLUSION
• There are several research designs and the researcher must decide in advance
of collection and analysis of data as to which design would prove to be more
appropriate for his/her research project.

• He/she must give due weight to various points such as the type of universe and
its nature, the objective of his study, the resource list or the sampling frame,
desired standard of accuracy and the like when taking a decision in respect of
the design for his research project

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