www.LearnEngineering.

in

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

MICROPROCESSOR 8085

• Reference Book:
– Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor
Architecture, Programming and Applications with
8085”, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall
• Week 1 – Basic Concept and Ideas about Microprocessor.
• Week 2 - Architecture of 8085
• Week 3 - Addressing Modes and Instruction set of 8085
• Week 4 – Interrupts of 8085
• Week 5 onwards – Peripherals.

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

Basic Concepts of Microprocessors

• Differences between:
– Microcomputer – a computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O
etc.
– Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes
ALU, register circuits & control circuits
– Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

What is a Microprocessor?
• The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
– Processor means a device that processes whatever. In
this context processor means a device that processes
numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
• To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that
describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to
perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the
microprocessor’s design.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

What about micro?

• Micro is a new addition.
– In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete
elements.
• These devices performed the required operation, but were too
large and too slow.

– In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of

the components that made up the processor were now
placed on a single piece of silicon. The size became
several thousand times smaller and the speed became
several hundred times faster. The “Micro”Processor
was born.
www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Was there ever a “mini”-

processor?
• No.
– It went directly from discrete elements to a
single chip. However, comparing today’s
microprocessors to the ones built in the early
1970’s you find an extreme increase in the
amount of integration.

• So, What is a microprocessor?

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition of the Microprocessor

The microprocessor is a programmable device

that takes in numbers, performs on them
arithmetic or logical operations according to
the program stored in memory and then
produces other numbers as a result.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
• Lets expand each of the underlined words:
– Programmable device: The microprocessor can perform
different sets of operations on the data it receives depending
on the sequence of instructions supplied in the given
program.
By changing the program, the microprocessor manipulates
the data in different ways.

– Instructions: Each microprocessor is designed to execute a

specific group of operations. This group of operations is
called an instruction set. This instruction set defines what the
microprocessor can and cannot do.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Takes in: The data that the microprocessor
manipulates must come from somewhere.
• It comes from what is called “input devices”.
• These are devices that bring data into the system
from the outside world.
• These represent devices such as a keyboard, a
mouse, switches, and the like.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Numbers: The microprocessor has a very narrow view on life. It
only understands binary numbers.

A binary digit is called a bit (which comes from binary digit).

The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits

together. This group of bits is called a “word”.

The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word, is a measure of its

“abilities”.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Words, Bytes, etc.
• The earliest microprocessor (the Intel 8088 and Motorola’s
6800) recognized 8-bit words.
– They processed information 8-bits at a time. That’s why they are
called “8-bit processors”. They can handle large numbers, but in
order to process these numbers, they broke them into 8-bit pieces
and processed each group of 8-bits separately.

• Later microprocessors (8086 and 68000) were designed with

16-bit words.
– A group of 8-bits were referred to as a “half-word” or “byte”.
– A group of 4 bits is called a “nibble”.
– Also, 32 bit groups were given the name “long word”.

• Today, all processors manipulate at least 32 bits at a time and

there exists microprocessors that can process 64,ww8w0L. ,
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
• Every microprocessor has arithmetic operations such as add
and subtract as part of its instruction set.
– Most microprocessors will have operations such as multiply and
divide.
– Some of the newer ones will have complex operations such as
square root.

• In addition, microprocessors have logic operations as well.

Such as AND, OR, XOR, shift left, shift right, etc.

• Again, the number and types of operations define the

microprocessor’s instruction set and depends on the specific
microprocessor.
www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Stored in memory :
• First, what is memory?
– Memory is the location where information is kept while not in
current use.
– Memory is a collection of storage devices. Usually, each storage
device holds one bit. Also, in most kinds of memory, these
storage devices are grouped into groups of 8. These 8 storage
locations can only be accessed together. So, one can only read or
write in terms of bytes to and form memory.
– Memory is usually measured by the number of bytes it can hold.
It is measured in Kilos, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo in
computer language is 210 =1024. So, a KB (KiloByte) is 1024
bytes. Mega is 1024 Kilos and Giga is 1024 Mega.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Stored in memory:
• When a program is entered into a computer, it is
stored in memory. Then as the microprocessor starts
to execute the instructions, it brings the instructions
from memory one at a time.

• Memory is also used to hold the data.

– The microprocessor reads (brings in) the data from
memory when it needs it and writes (stores) the results
into memory when it is done.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Definition (Contd.)
– Produces: For the user to see the result of the
execution of the program, the results must
be presented in a human readable form.
• The results must be presented on an output
device.

• This can be the monitor, a paper from the printer, a

simple LED or many other forms.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

A Microprocessor-based system
From the above description, we can draw the
following block diagram to represent a
microprocessor-based system:

Input Output

Memory

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Inside The Microprocessor

• Internally, the microprocessor is made up of
3 main units.
– The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
– The Control Unit.
– An array of registers for holding data while it is
being manipulated.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Organization of a microprocessor-
based system
• Let’s expand the picture a bit.
I/O
Input / Output

ALU Register
Array
System Bus

Control Memory

ROM RAM

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in
Memory
• Memory stores information such as instructions
and data in binary format (0 and 1). It provides
this information to the microprocessor whenever
it is needed.

• Usually, there is a memory “sub-system” in a

microprocessor-based system. This sub-system
includes:
– The registers inside the microprocessor
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• used to store information that does not change.
– Random Access Memory (RAM) (also known as
Read/Write Memory).
• used to store information supplied by the user. Such as
programs and data.
www.LearnEngineering.in
 ory Map and Addresses
M memory map is a picture representation
• The
www.Lear nEngine

of the address range and shows where the

e different
m
erin
memory chips are located within
g.in

the address range.

0000 0000
EPROM Address Range of EPROM Chip
3FFF
4400
RAM 1 Address Range of 1st RAM Chip
5FFF
Address Range

6000
RAM 2 Address Range of 2nd RAM Chip
8FFF
9000
RAM 3 Address Range of 3rd RAM Chip
A3FF

A400

RAM 4 Address Range of 4th RAM Chip

F7FF
FFFF

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Memory
• To execute a program:
– the user enters its instructions in binary format into the
memory.
– The microprocessor then reads these instructions and
whatever data is needed from memory, executes the
instructions and places the results either in memory or
produces it on an output device.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The three cycle instruction

execution model
• To execute a program, the microprocessor “reads”
each instruction from memory, “interprets” it, then
“executes” it.

• To use the right names for the cycles:

– The microprocessor fetches each instruction,
– decodes it,
– Then executes it.

• This sequence is continued until all instructions

are performed. www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in
Machine Language
• The number of bits that form the “word” of a
microprocessor is fixed for that particular
processor.
– These bits define a maximum number of
combinations.
• For example an 8-bit microprocessor can have at most 28 = 256
different combinations.

• However, in most microprocessors, not all of these

combinations are used.
– Certain patterns are chosen and assigned specific
meanings.
– Each of these patterns forms an instruction for the
microprocessor.
– The
microprocessor’s machine
complete set of language.
patterns makes up the
www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The 8085 Machine Language

• The 8085 (from Intel) is an 8-bit microprocessor.
– The 8085 uses a total of 246 bit patterns to form its
instruction set.
– These 246 patterns represent only 74 instructions.
• The reason for the difference is that some (actually most)
instructions have multiple different formats.

– Because it is very difficult to enter the bit patterns

correctly, they are usually entered in
hexadecimal instead of binary.
• For example, the combination 0011 1100 which translates into
“increment the number in the register called the
accumulator”, is usually entered as 3C.
www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Assembly Language
• Entering the instructions using hexadecimal is quite
easier than entering the binary combinations.
– However, it still is difficult to understand what a program
written in hexadecimal does.
– So, each company defines a symbolic code for the
instructions.
– These codes are called “mnemonics”.
– The mnemonic for each instruction is usually a group of
letters that suggest the operation performed.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Assembly Language
• Using the same example from before,
– 00111100 translates to 3C in hexadecimal (OPCODE)
– Its mnemonic is: “INR A”.
– INR stands for “increment register” and A is short for
accumulator.

• Another example is: 1000 0000,

– Which translates to 80 in hexadecimal.
– Its mnemonic is “ADD B”.
– “Add register B to the accumulator and keep the result in the
accumulator”.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Assembly Language
• It is important to remember that a machine
language and its associated assembly language are
completely machine dependent.
– In other words, they are not transferable from one
microprocessor to a different one.

• For example, Motorolla has an 8-bit

microprocessor called the 6800.
– The 8085 machine language is very different from that
of the 6800. So is the assembly language.
– A program written for the 8085 cannot be executed on
the 6800 and vice versa. www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

“Assembling” The Program

• How does assembly language get translated into
machine language?
– There are two ways:
– 1st there is “hand assembly”.
• The programmer translates each assembly language instruction
into its equivalent hexadecimal code (machine language).
Then the hexadecimal code is entered into memory.
– The other possibility is a program called an
“assembler”, which does the translation automatically.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

8085 Microprocessor
Architecture
• 8-bit general purpose µp
• Capable of addressing 64 k of memory
• Has 40 pins
• Requires +5 v power supply
• Can operate with 3 MHz clock
• 8085 upward compatible

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.inPins
Power
Supply: +5 V
Frequency
Generator is
connected to
those pins

Input/Output/
Memory

Read

Write

Address latch
Multiplexed
Enable
Address Data
Bus

Address
Bus
www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

• System Bus – wires connecting memory & I/O to

microprocessor
– Address Bus
• Unidirectional
• Identifying peripheral or memory location
– Data Bus
• Bidirectional
• Transferring data
– Control Bus
• Synchronization signals
• Timing signals
• Control signal

www.LearnEngineering.in
 A r c h i t e cture of Intel 8085
www.L earn En gi nee rin g .in

Microprocessor

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

Intel 8085 Microprocessor

• Microprocessor consists of:
– Control unit: control microprocessor operations.
– ALU: performs data processing function.
– Registers: provide storage internal to CPU.
– Interrupts
– Internal data bus

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The ALU
• In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the
ALU includes the accumulator, which is part of
every arithmetic & logic operation.

• Also, the ALU includes a temporary register used

for holding data temporarily during the
execution of the operation. This temporary
register is not accessible by the programmer.

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

• Registers
– General Purpose Registers
• B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit registers)
• Can be used singly
• Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs
– BC, DE, HL
• H & L can be used as a data pointer (holds memory
address)
Accumulator Flags
– Special Purpose Registers B C
D E
• Accumulator (8 bit register) H L
Program Counter
– Store 8 bit data Stack Pointer
– Store the result of an operation
– Store 8 bit data during I/O transfer Address 16 8 Data

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

• Flag Register
– 8 bit register – shows the status of the microprocessor before/after an
operation
– S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC (auxillary carry flag), P (parity flag) &
CY (carry flag)

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

S Z X AC X P X CY

– Sign Flag
• Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator
• The sign flag is set if negative (1 – negative)
• The sign flag is reset if positive (0 –positive)

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

• Zero Flag
– Is set if result obtained after an operation is 0
– Is set following an increment or decrement operation of that register

10110011
+ 01001101

1 00000000
• Carry Flag
– Is set if there is a carry or borrow from arithmetic operation

1011 0101 1011 0101

+ 0110 1100 - 1100 1100

Carry 1 0010 0001 Borrow 1 1110 1001

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

• Auxillary Carry Flag

– Is set if there is a carry out of bit 3
• Parity Flag
– Is set if parity is even
– Is cleared if parity is odd

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The Internal Architecture

• We have already discussed the general purpose
registers, the Accumulator, and the flags.

• The Program Counter (PC)

– This is a register that is used to control the sequencing
of the execution of instructions.
– This register always holds the address of the next
instruction.
– Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The Internal Architecture

• The Stack pointer
– The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is
used to point into memory.
– The memory this register points to is a special
area called the stack.
– The stack is an area of memory used to hold
data that will be retreived soon.
– The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First
Out (LIFO) fashion.

www.LearnEngineering.in
 www.LearnEngineering.in

Non Programmable Registers

• Instruction Register & Decoder
– Instruction is stored in IR after fetched by processor
– Decoder decodes instruction in IR

Internal Clock generator

– 3.125 MHz internally
– 6.25 MHz externally

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

The Address and Data Busses

• The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15
which are unidirectional.
• The other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time
shared) with the 8 data bits.
– So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as
A0 – A7 and D0 – D7 at the same time.
• During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the
address bits during the early part, then during the late parts of
the execution, they carry the 8 data bits.
– In order to separate the address from the data, we can
use a latch to save the value before the function of the
bits changes.
www.LearnEngineering.in
 ultiplexing AD7-AD0
www.LearnEn
D
gineer

– From the above description, it becomes obvious

that the AD7– AD0 lines are serving a dual purpose
eing.minand that they need to be demultiplexed to get all
the information.
– The high order bits of the address remain on the
bus for three clock periods. However, the low order
bits remain for only one clock period and they
would be lost if they are not saved externally. Also,
notice that the low order bits of the address
disappear when they are needed most.
– To make sure we have the entire address for the
full three clock cycles, we will use an external latch
to save the value of AD7– AD0 when it is carrying
the address bits. We use the ALE signal to enable
this latch. www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Demultiplexing AD7-AD0
8085
A15-A8

ALE

AD7-AD0 Latch
A7- A0

D7- D0

– Given that ALE operates as a pulse during T1, we will

be able to latch the address. Then when ALE goes low,
the address is saved and the AD7– AD0 lines can be
used for their purpose as the bi-directional data lines.

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

Demultiplexing the Bus AD7 – AD0

• The high order address is placed on the address bus and hold for 3 clk
periods,
• The low order address is lost after the first clk period, this address
needs to be hold however we need to use latch
• The address AD7 – AD0 is connected as inputs to the latch
74LS373.
• The ALE signal is connected to the enable (G) pin of the latch and the
OC – Output control – of the latch is grounded

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in

www.LearnEngineering.in
www.LearnEngineering.in
The Overall Picture
• Putting all of the concepts together, we get:
Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit

8085
A15-A8 CS

ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
AD7-AD0 Latch
A7- A0
Memory
Chip

WR RD IO/M D7- D0

RD WR

www.LearnEngineering.in