CH 1
CH 1
ERGOYE D.(MSc)
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, THE LEARNERS SHOULD BE ABLE
TO:
DESCRIBE MICROPROCESSORS
UNDERSTAND GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM.
DISCUSS EVOLUTION OF INTEL MICROPROCESSORS
IDENTIFY ARCHITECTURAL COMPATIBILITY
KNOW THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
REVIEW OF THE BASIC NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CONVERSION BETWEEN
DIFFERENT NUMBER SYSTEMS
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WHAT IS MICROPROCESSORS?
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INTRODUCTION OF MICROPROCESSOR
AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT THAT CONTAINS ALL THE FUNCTIONS
OF A CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT OF A COMPUTER.
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MICROPROCESSOR
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROPROCESSOR
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HOW DOES A MICROPROCESSOR WORK?
ALU:- AS THE NAME INDICATES ALU PERFORMS ALL ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS
ON THE DATA RECEIVED FROM INPUT DEVICES OR MEMORY.
AS THE NAME INDICATES, CONTROL UNIT CONTROLS THE FLOW OF INSTRUCTIONS AND
DATA THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM.
• MEMORY AND I/O ARE CONTROLLED THROUGH THE INSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE
STORED IN THE MEMORY AND EXECUTED BY THE MICROPROCESSOR.
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MICROPROCESSOR PERFORMS THREE MAIN TASK FOR THE COMPUTER SYSTEM.
SYSTEM.
MICROCONTROLLERS
RISC PROCESSORS
CISC PROCESSORS
VLIW PROCESSOR
SS PROCESSORS
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RISC (REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER) IS A PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE THAT
SUPPORTS LIMITED MACHINE LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS. RISC PROCESSORS CAN
EXECUTE PROGRAMS AS FASTER THAN CISC PROCESSORS.
FOLLOWS:-
MICROCOMPUTERS
MINICOMPUTERS
CLOCK SPEED
WORD SIZE
INSTRUCTION SET
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THE SPEED
CLOCK AT WHICH A MICROPROCESSOR CAN
SPEED
EXECUTE THE INSTRUCTIONS IS CALLED THE CLOCK
SPEED.
BASICALLY CLOCK SPEED IS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES
THAT THE PROCESSOR EXECUTES PER SECOND.
WE MEASURE IT IN MHZ(MEGAHERTZ) OR GHZ
(GIGA HERTZ). HERE, MHZ MEANS 1 MILLION CYCLES
PER SECOND AND GHZ MEANS 1 BILLION CYCLES PER
SECOND.
MOREOVER, A CYCLE BASICALLY MEANS A SINGLE
ELECTRIC CYCLE. BESIDES, EVERY MICROPROCESSOR
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MOREOVER, IT ALSO DECIDES THE NUMBER OF INPUT AND OUTPUT PINS ON THE
MICROPROCESSOR. THESE PINS IN TO DECIDE THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE
PROCESSOR.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE FIRST COMMERCIAL PROCESSOR INTEL 4004 WAS A 4-BIT
PROCESSOR. HENCE, IT HAS 4 INPUT/OUTPUT PINS. TODAY, MOSTLY 32-BIT OR 64-
BIT ARE USED. 04/12/2024 19
INSTRUCTION SET
• AN INSTRUCTION IS BASICALLY A COMMAND WHICH TELLS
THE COMPUTER TO OPERATE ON SOME PIECE OF DATA.
• THE SET OF MACHINE-LEVEL INSTRUCTIONS THAT A
MICROPROCESSOR EXECUTES IS THE INSTRUCTION SET.
• THE OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE INSTRUCTIONS CAN BE
AS FOLLOWS:
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
LOGICAL OPERATIONS
DATA TRANSFER
INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATIONS
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CONTROL FLOW
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MICRO PROCESSOR
MICROPROCESSOR TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF:
TIMING AND CONTROL CIRCUIT: IT KEEPS ALL OTHER PARTS SYSTEM(REGISTER, ALU,
MEMORY & I/O) WORKING TOGETHER IN RIGHT TIME SEQUENCE.
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EVOLUTION OF
MICROPROCESSORS
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Evolution of Microprocessors
1. First Generation – 4bit Microprocessors
The Intel corporation came out with the first generation of
microprocessors in 1971.
They were 4-bit processors namely Intel 4004.
The speed of the processor was 740 kHz taking 60k
instructions per second.
It had 2300 transistors and 16 pins inside.
Built on a single chip, it was useful for simple arithmetic and
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logical operations.
2. Second Generation – 8bit Microprocessor
The second generation began in 1973 by Intel as the first 8 – bit
microprocessor.
It was useful for arithmetic and logic operations on 8-bit words.
The first processor was 8008 with a clock speed of 500kHz and 50k
instructions per second.
Followed by an 8080 microprocessor in 1974 with a speed of 2 MHz and
60k instruction per second.
Lastly came the 8085 microprocessor in 1976 having an ability of 769230
instruction per second with 3 MHz speed.
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3. Third Generation – 16bit Microprocessor
The third generation began with 8086-88 microprocessors in 1978
with 4.77, 8 & 10 MHz speed and 2.5 million instructions per
second.
Other important inventions were Zilog Z800, and 80286, which
came out in 1982 and could read 4 million instructions per second
with 68 pins inside.
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4. Fourth Generation – 32bit Microprocessors
Intel was still the leader as many companies came out with
32-bit microprocessors around 1986.
Their clock speed was between 16 MHz to 33 MHz with 275k
transistors inside.
One of the first ones was the Intel 80486 microprocessor of
1986 with 16-100MHz clock speed and 1.2 Million
transistors with 8 KB of cache memory.
Followed by the PENTIUM microprocessor in 1993 which
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APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
Office automation uses it for word processing, spreadsheet operations,
storage, etc.
The publication uses it for automatic photocopies, high-quality printing,
and good speed.
Consumers are using it for toys, amusement devices, and house held
devices frequently nowadays.
It is also present in wireless communication equipment allowing them to
interact and connect with devices.
It acts as a controller in many home appliances like toasters, televisions,
stereo systems, etc. In the science industry, it is useful for measuring
speed, temperature, moisture, etc.
The telecom sector uses it for a digital telephone system, telephone
exchange, and modem while the hospitality sector uses it for railway and
airline reservation systems.
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Read about the basic number systems and
conversion between different number
systems
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•END
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