Copyright S. K.

Mitra
1
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank

In many applications, a discrete-time signal

x[n] is split into a number of subband
signals by means of an analysis filter
bank

The subband signals are then processed

Finally, the processed subband signals are

combined by a synthesis filter bank
resulting in an output signal y[n]
]} [ { n v
k
Copyright S. K. Mitra
2
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank

If the subband signals are

bandlimited to frequency ranges much
smaller than that of the original input signal
x[n], they can be down-sampled before
processing

Because of the lower sampling rate, the

processing of the down-sampled signals can
be carried out more efficiently
]} [ { n v
k
Copyright S. K. Mitra
3
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank

After processing, these signals are then up-

sampled before being combined by the
synthesis filter bank into a higher-rate
signal

The combined structure is called a

quadrature-mirror filter
quadrature-mirror filter
(
(
QMF
QMF
)
)
bank
bank
Copyright S. K. Mitra
4
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank

If the down-sampling and up-sampling

factors are equal to or greater than the
number of bands of the filter bank, then the
output y[n] can be made to retain some or
all of the characteristics of the input signal
x[n] by choosing appropriately the filters in
the structure
Copyright S. K. Mitra
5
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank

If the up-sampling and down-sampling

factors are equal to the number of bands,
then the structure is called a
critically
critically
sampled filter bank
sampled filter bank

The most common application of this

scheme is in the efficient coding of a signal
x[n]
Copyright S. K. Mitra
6
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

Figure below shows the basic two-channel

QMF bank-based subband codec
(coder/decoder)
Copyright S. K. Mitra
7
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

The analysis filters and have

typically a lowpass and highpass frequency
responses, respectively, with a cutoff at /2
) (z H
0
) (z H
1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
8
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

Each down-sampled subband signal is

encoded by exploiting the special spectral
properties of the signal, such as energy
levels and perceptual importance

It follows from the figure that the sampling

rates of the output y[n] and the input x[n]
are the same
Copyright S. K. Mitra
9
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

The analysis and the synthesis filters are

chosen so as to ensure that the reconstructed
output y[n] is a reasonably close replica of
the input x[n]

Moreover, they are also designed to provide

good frequency selectivity in order to
ensure that the sum of the power of the
subband signals is reasonably close to the
input signal power
Copyright S. K. Mitra
10
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

In practice, various errors are generated in

this scheme

In addition to the coding error and errors

caused by transmission of the coded signals
through the channel, the QMF bank itself
introduces several errors due to the
sampling rate alterations and imperfect
filters

We ignore the coding and the channel errors

Copyright S. K. Mitra
11
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Two-Channel QMF Bank

We investigate only the errors caused by the

sampling rate alterations and their effects on
the performance of the system

To this end, we consider the QMF bank

structure without the coders and the
decoders as shown below
Copyright S. K. Mitra
12
Analysis of the Two-Channel
Analysis of the Two-Channel
QMF Bank
QMF Bank

Making use of the input-output relations of

the down-sampler and the up-sampler in the
z-domain we arrive at
), ( ) ( ) ( z X z H z V
k k

)}, ( ) ( { ) (
/ / 2 1 2 1
2
1
z V z V z U
k k k
+
k = 0, 1
) ( ) (
2
z U z V
k k

^
Copyright S. K. Mitra
13
Analysis of the Two-Channel
Analysis of the Two-Channel
QMF Bank
QMF Bank

From the first and the last equations we

obtain after some algebra

The reconstructed output of the filter bank

is given by
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { z X z H z X z H
k k
+
2
1
)} ( ) ( { ) ( z V z V z V
k k k
+
2
1
^
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z V z G z V z G z Y
1 1 0 0
+
^ ^
Copyright S. K. Mitra
14
Analysis of the Two-Channel
Analysis of the Two-Channel
QMF Bank
QMF Bank

From the two equations of the previous

slide we arrive at

The second term in the above equation is

due to the
aliasing
aliasing caused by sampling rate
alteration
) ( )} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z X z G z H z G z H z Y
1 1 0 0
2
1
+
) ( )} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { z X z G z H z G z H + +
1 1 0 0
2
1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
15
Analysis of the Two-Channel
Analysis of the Two-Channel
QMF Bank
QMF Bank

The input-output equation of the filter bank

can be compactly written as
where T(z), called the
distortion transfer
distortion transfer
function
function, is given by
and
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z X z A z X z T z Y +
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z G z H z G z H z T
1 1 0 0
2
1
+
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z G z H z G z H z A
1 1 0 0
2
1
+
Copyright S. K. Mitra
16
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

Since the up-sampler and the down-sampler

are linear time-varying components, in
general, the 2-channel QMF structure is a
linear time-varying system

It can be shown that the 2-channel QMF

structure has a period of 2

However, it is possible to choose the

analysis and synthesis filters such that the
aliasing effect is canceled resulting in a
time-invariant operation
Copyright S. K. Mitra
17
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

To cancel aliasing we need to ensure that

A(z) = 0, i.e.,

For aliasing cancellation we can choose

This yields
where C(z) is an arbitrary rational function
0
1 1 0 0
+ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z G z H z G z H
) (
) (
) (
) (
z H
z H
z G
z G

0
1
1
0
), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( z H z C z G z H z C z G
0 1 1 0
Copyright S. K. Mitra
18
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

If the above relations hold, then the QMF

system is time-invariant with an input-
output relation given by
Y(z) = T(z)X(z)
where

On the unit circle, we have

)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z H z H z H z H z T +
0 1 1 0
2
1
) ( | ) ( | ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( j j j j j j
e X e e T e X e T e Y
Copyright S. K. Mitra
19
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

If T(z) is an allpass function, i.e.,

with then
indicating that the output of the QMF bank
has the same magnitude response as that of
the input (scaled by d) but exhibits phase
distortion

The filter bank is said to be

magnitude
magnitude
preserving
preserving
d e T
j
| ) ( |

0 d
| ) ( | | ) ( |
j j
e X d e Y
Copyright S. K. Mitra
20
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

If T(z) has linear phase, i.e.,

then

The filter bank is said to be

phase-
phase-
preserving
preserving but exhibits magnitude
distortion

+ ) ( )} ( arg{
j
e T


+ + )} ( arg{ )} ( arg{
j j
e X e Y
Copyright S. K. Mitra
21
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

If an alias-free filter bank has no magnitude

and phase distortion, then it is called a
perfect reconstruction
perfect reconstruction (PR) QMF bank

In such a case, resulting in

In the time-domain, the input-output

relation for all possible inputs is given by

dz z T ) (
) ( ) ( z X dz z Y

] [ ] [ n x d n y
Copyright S. K. Mitra
22
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

Thus, for a perfect reconstruction QMF

bank, the output is a scaled, delayed replica
of the input

Example
Example - Consider the system shown below
2 2
2 2
1
z
1
z
+
] [n x
] [n y
Copyright S. K. Mitra
23
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

Comparing this structure with the general

QMF bank structure we conclude that here
we have

Substituting these values in the expressions

for T(z) and A(z) we get
1 1
1
1
0
1
1 0


) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( z G z z G z z H z H
1 1 1
2
1
+ z z z z T ) ( ) (
0
1 1
2
1


) ( ) ( z z z A
Copyright S. K. Mitra
24
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Alias-Free Filter Bank

Thus the simple multirate structure is an

alias-free perfect reconstruction filter bank

However, the filters in the bank do not

provide any frequency selectivity
Copyright S. K. Mitra
25
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

A very simple alias-free 2-channel QMF

bank is obtained when

The above condition, in the case of a real

coefficient filter, implies
indicating that if is a lowpass filter,
then is a highpass filter, and vice versa
) ( ) ( z H z H
0 1
| ) ( | | ) ( |
) (

j j
e H e H
0 1
) (z H
1
) (z H
0
Copyright S. K. Mitra
26
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

The relation
indicates that is a mirror-image
of with respect to /2, the
quadrature frequency
quadrature frequency

This has given rise to the name

quadrature-
quadrature-
mirror filter bank
mirror filter bank
| ) ( | | ) ( |
) (

j j
e H e H
0 1
| ) ( |
j
e H
0
| ) ( |
j
e H
1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
27
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Substituting in
with C(z) = 1 we get

The above equations imply that the two

analysis filters and the two synthesis filters
are essentially determined from one transfer
function
) ( ) ( z H z H
0 1
), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( z H z C z G z H z C z G
0 1 1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( z H z H z G z H z G
0 1 1 1 0
) (z H
0
Copyright S. K. Mitra
28
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Moreover, if is a lowpass filter, then

is also a lowpass filter and is a
highpass filter

The distortion function in this case reduces

to
) (z H
0
) (z G
0
) (z G
1
)} ( ) ( { )} ( ) ( { ) ( z H z H z H z H z T
2
0
2
0
2
1 2
1
2
0
2
1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
29
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

A computationally efficient realization of

the above QMF bank is obtained by
realizing the analysis and synthesis filters in
polyphase form

Let the 2-band Type 1 polyphase

representation of be given by
) (z H
0
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0 0
z E z z E z H

+
Copyright S. K. Mitra
30
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Then from the relation it

follows that

Combining the last two equations in a

matrix form we get
) ( ) ( z H z H
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0 1
z E z z E z H


1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
1 1
1 1
z E z
z E
z H
z H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
31
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Likewise, the synthesis filters can be

expressed in a matrix form as

Making use of the last two equations we can

redraw the two-channel QMF bank as
shown below
[ ] [ ]
1
]
1

1 1
1 1 2
0
2
1
1
1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z E z E z z G z G
Copyright S. K. Mitra
32
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Making use of the cascade equivalences, the

above structure can be further simplified as
shown below
Copyright S. K. Mitra
33
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Substituting the polyphase representations

of the analysis filters we arrive at the
expression for the distortion function T(z) in
terms of the polyphase components as
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
2
0
1
2 z E z E z z T

Copyright S. K. Mitra
34
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

Example
Example - Let

Its polyphase components are

Hence

Likewise
1
0
1

+ z z H ) (
1 1
2
1
2
0
) ( , ) ( z E z E
1 2
1
1 2
0 0 1
1

z z E z z E z H z H ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
0
2
1
1
0
1

+ + z z E z E z z G ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
0
2
1
1
1
1

+ z z E z E z z G ) ( ) ( ) (
Copyright S. K. Mitra
35
An Alias-Free Realization
An Alias-Free Realization

The distortion transfer function for this

realization is thus given by

The resulting structure is a

perfect
perfect
reconstruction QMF bank
reconstruction QMF bank
1 2
1
2
0
1
2 2

z z E z E z z T ) ( ) ( ) (
Copyright S. K. Mitra
36
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

If in the above alias-free QMF bank

is a linear-phase FIR filter, then its
polyphase components and ,
are also linear-phase FIR transfer functions

In this case,
exhibits a linear-phase characteristic

As a result, the corresponding 2-channel

QMF bank has no phase distortion
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z E ) (
1
z E
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2
1
2
0
1
z E z E z z T

Copyright S. K. Mitra
37
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

However, in general is not a

constant, and as a result, the QMF bank
exhibits magnitude distortion

We next outline a method to minimize the

residual amplitude distortion

Let be a length-N real-coefficient

linear-phase FIR transfer function:
| ) ( |
j
e T
) (
0
z H

1
0
0 0
] [ ) (
N
n
n
z n h z H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
38
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

Note: can either be a Type 1 or a

Type 2 linear-phase FIR transfer function
since it has to be a lowpass filter

Then satisfy the condition

In this case we can write

In the above is the amplitude

function, a real function of
) (
0
z H
] [
0
n h
] [ ] [
0 0
n N h n h
) ( ) (
0
2 /
0


H e e H
N j j
~
) (
0
H
~
Copyright S. K. Mitra
39
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

The frequency response of the distortion

transfer function can now be written as

From the above, it can be seen that if N is

even, then at = /2, implying
severe amplitude distortion at the output of
the filter bank
} | ) ( | ) 1 ( | ) ( {|
2
) (
2 ) (
0
2
0

j N j
jN
j
e H e H
e
e T
0 ) (
j
e T
Copyright S. K. Mitra
40
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

N must be odd, in which case we have

It follows from the above that the FIR 2-

channel QMF bank will be of perfect
reconstruction type if
} | ) ( | | ) ( {|
2
) (
2 ) (
0
2
0

+
j j
jN
j
e H e H
e
e T
} | ) ( | | ) ( {|
2
2
1
2
0


+
j j
jN
e H e H
e
1 | ) ( | | ) ( |
2
1
2
0
+
j j
e H e H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
41
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

Now, the 2-channel QMF bank with linear-

phase filters has no phase distortion, but
will always exhibit amplitude distortion
unless is a constant for all

If is a very good lowpass filter with

in the passband and
in the stopband, then is a very good
highpass filter with its passband coinciding
with the stopband of , and vice-versa
) (
0
z H
) (
1
z H
1 | ) ( |
0

j
e H
0 | ) ( |
0

j
e H
) (
0
z H
| ) ( |
j
e T
Copyright S. K. Mitra
42
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

As a result, in the passbands

of and

Amplitude distortion occurs primarily

in the transition band of these filters

Degree of distortion determined by the

amount of overlap between their squared-
magnitude responses
2 1/ | ) ( |
j
e T
) (
0
z H ) (
1
z H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
43
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

This distortion can be minimized by

controlling the overlap, which in turn can be
controlled by appropriately choosing the
passband edge of

One way to minimize the amplitude

distortion is to iteratively adjust the filter
coefficients of on a computer
such that
is satisfied for all values of
) (
0
z H
] [n h
0
) (
0
z H
1
2
1
2
0
+ | ) ( | | ) ( |
j j
e H e H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
44
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

To this end, the objective function to be

minimized can be chosen as a linear
combination of two functions:
(1) stopband attenuation of , and
(2) sum of squared magnitude responses of
and
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z H ) (z H
1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
45
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

One such objective function is given by

where
and
and 0 < < 1, and for some
small > 0
2 1
1 ) ( +

d e H
s
j

2
1
) (

,
_

0
2
2
1
2
0 2
1 d e H e H
j j
) ( ) (


+
2
s
Copyright S. K. Mitra
46
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

Since is symmetric with respect to

/2, the second integral in the objective
function can be replaced with

After has been made very small by the

optimization procedure, both and
will also be very small
| ) ( |
j
e T

,
_

2 /
0
2
2
1
2
0 2
) ( ) ( 1 2 d e H e H
j j
1

Copyright S. K. Mitra
47
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

Using this approach, Johnston has designed

a large class of linear-phase FIR filters
meeting a variety of specifications and has
tabulated their impulse response
coefficients

Program 10_9 can be used to verify the

performance of Johnstons filters
Copyright S. K. Mitra
48
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

Example
Example - The gain responses of the length-
12 linear-phase FIR lowpass filter 12B and
its power-complementary highpass filter
obtained using Program 10_9 are shown
below
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20

G
a
i
n
,

d
B
H
0
(z) H
1
(z)
Copyright S. K. Mitra
49
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

The program then computes the amplitude

distortion in dB as
shown below
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03

AmplitudedistortionindB
2
1
2
0
| ) ( | | ) ( |

+
j j
e H e H
Copyright S. K. Mitra
50
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

From the gain response plot it can be seen

that the stopband edge of the lowpass
filter12B is about 0.71, which corresponds
to a transition bandwidth of

The minimum stopband attenuation is

approximately 34 dB
s

105 . 0 2 / ) 5 . 0 (
s
Copyright S. K. Mitra
51
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank

The amplitude distortion function is very

close to 0 dB in both the passbands and the
stopbands of the two filters, with a peak
value of dB 02 . 0 t
Copyright S. K. Mitra
52
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Under the alias-free conditions of

and the relation , the
distortion function T(z) is given by

If T(z) is an allpass function, then its

magnitude response is a constant, and as a
result its corresponding QMF bank has no
magnitude distortion
) ( ) ( ), ( ) (
0 1 1 0
z H z G z H z G
) ( ) (
0 1
z H z H
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2
1
2
0
1
z E z E z z T

Copyright S. K. Mitra
53
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Let the polyphase components and

of be expressed as
with and being stable allpass
functions

Thus,
) (
1
z E
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z E
), ( ) (
0
2
1
0
z z E
A
) ( ) (
1
2
1
1
z z E
A
) (
0
z A ) (
1
z A
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
1
z z z z H A A


Copyright S. K. Mitra
54
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

In matrix form, the analysis filters can be

expressed as

The corresponding synthesis filters in

matrix form are given by
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

) (
) (
1 1
1 1
) (
) (
2
1
1
2
0
2
1
0
0
z z
z
z H
z H
A
A
[ ] [ ]
1
]
1

1 1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
0
2
1
1
2
1
1 0
z z z z G z G A A
Copyright S. K. Mitra
55
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Thus, the synthesis filters are given by

The realization of the magnitude-preserving

2-channel QMF bank is shown below
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0
]
2
1
1 2
0
[
2
1
0
z H z z z z G +

A A
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
]
2
1
1 2
0
[
2
1
1
z H z z z z G +

A A
Copyright S. K. Mitra
56
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

From
it can be seen that the lowpass transfer
function has a polyphase-like
decomposition, except here the polyphase
components are stable allpass transfer
functions
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+
) (z H
0
Copyright S. K. Mitra
57
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

It has been shown earlier that a bounded-

real (BR) transfer function
of odd order, with no common factors
between its numerator and denominator, can
be expressed in the form
if it satisfies the
power-symmetry condition
power-symmetry condition
and has a symmetric numerator
) ( / ) ( ) ( z D z P z H
0 0

) (z P
0
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
+

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z H z H z H z H
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+
Copyright S. K. Mitra
58
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

It has also been shown that any odd-order

elliptic lowpass half-band filter
elliptic lowpass half-band filter with
a frequency response specification given by
and satisfying the conditions
and can always be
expressed in the form
) (z H
0
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+
, | ) ( | 1 1

j
p
e H
p
0 for
, | ) ( |
s
j
e H

s
for
+
s p
) (
p p s
1 4
2
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Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

The poles of the elliptic filter satisfying the

two conditions on bandedges and ripples lie
on the imaginary axis

Using the
pole-interlacing property
pole-interlacing property
discussed earlier, on can readily identify the
expressions for the two allpass transfer
functions and ) (z
0
A ) (z
1
A
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Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Example
Example - The frequency response
specifications of a real-coefficient lowpass
half-band filter are given by: ,
, and

From we get

In dB, the passband and stopband ripples are

Rp = 0.0010435178 and Rs = 36.193366
4 0.
p
6 0.
s
0155 0.
s

) (
p p s
1 4
2
00012013 0.
p

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Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Using the M-file ellipord we determine

the minimum order of the elliptic lowpass
filter to be 5

Next, using the M-file ellip the transfer

function of the lowpass filter is determined
whose gain response is shown below
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-60
-40
-20
0

G
a
i
n
,

d
B
Real half-bandfilter
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Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

The poles obtained using the function

tf2zp are at z = 0, z = ,
and z =

The pole-zero plot obtained using zplane

is shown below
486625263 0. j t
486625263 0. j t
-1 0 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Real Part
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

P
a
r
t
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Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank

Using the pole-interlacing property we

arrive at the transfer functions of the two
allpass filters as given below:
2
2
2
0
2368041466 0 1
2368041466 0

+
+

z
z
z
.
.
) ( A
2
2
2
1
7149039978 0 1
7149039978 0

+
+

z
z
z
.
.
) ( A