Scribd
Upload
10 views12 pages

Presentation 1

Uploaded by

kalkidan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views12 pages

Presentation 1

Uploaded by

kalkidan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Engineering Hydrology

Chapter one
Rainfall- runoff relationships

• Hydrological Models
• Two Hydrological Models:
• Deterministic
• Stochastic
Deterministic Hydrological Models

• Deterministic models permit only one outcome from a simulation


with one set of inputs and parameter values.
• There are three main classification of Deterministic models:
• Empirical Models (black box)
• Lumped Conceptual Models (grey box)
• Distributed Based Models (white box)
Empirical Models (Black Box)

• Black-box models are empirical (statistical) models without significant


parameters.
• This means that black-box models are derived from the inputs-
outputs thermal behavior.

• Involving mathematical equations that have been assessed, not from


the physical processes in the catchment, but from analysis of
concurrent input and output time series.
Lumped conceptual Model
• Lumped models treat the catchment as a single unit
• State variables that represent average values over the catchment area, such
as storage in the saturated zone.
• The description of the hydrological processes cannot be based directly on
the equations that are supposed to be valid for the individual soil columns.
• Hence, the equations are semi-empirical, but still with a physical basis.
Distributed Physically based models

• It is models based on the governing equations describing all the surface and
subsurface flow processes in the catchment.

• Distributed models have the possibility of defining parameter values for every
element in the solution mesh.
Cont…
• In principle parameter adjustment of this type of model is not necessary, if the
process equations used are valid and if the parameters are strongly related to
the physical characteristics of the surface, soil and rock.

• In practice the model requires effective values at the scale of the elements.

• Because of the heterogeneity of soil, surface vegetation establishing a link


between measurements and element values is difficult.
Cont…

• The need of the models for impact assessment.

• Changes in land use, such as deforestation or urbanization often affect only part of a
catchment area.

• With a distributed model it is possible to examine the effects of such land use
changes in their correct spatial context by understanding the physical meaning
between the parameter values and the land use changes
• The most conceptual models are lumped, while the most physically based models are
distributed physically based model.
Stochastic Models

• The term “Stochastic” derives from the Greek word “Stochasticos”, which means
– (a) to shoot (an arrow) at a target,
– (b) to guess the target,
– (c) to imagine, think deeply, bethink, contemplate, meditate

• Stochastic methods thus aim


– at predicting the value of some variable at non-observed times or at non-
observed locations, while also stating how uncertain we are when making these
predictions.
Cont…

• These models based on data of black box systems, using mathematical and
statistical concepts to link a certain input rainfall to the model output runoff.
• Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions and system
identification.
• These models are known as stochastic hydrology models.
• Data based models have been used within hydrology to simulate the rainfall-
runoff relationship,
• Represent the impacts of antecedent moisture and perform real-time control
on systems.
Cont…

• Traditionally, a stochastic model is derived from a time series analysis of the


historical record.
• It can be used for a generation of long hypothetical sequences of events with the
same statistical properties as the historical record.
• In this technique several synthetic series with identical statistical properties are
generated.
• These generated sequences of data can be used in the analysis of design
variables and their uncertainties.
• Example estimating reservoir storage requirements, GWT…etc.

You might also like