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Chapter Six Filters

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62 views35 pages

Chapter Six Filters

Uploaded by

ERMIAS Amanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER SIX

ACTIVE and PASSIVE FILTER


Introduction
Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals within a
band of frequencies while rejecting or blocking signals of
frequencies outside this band. This property of filters is also
called “frequency selectivity”.
 Filter can be passive or active filter.

• Passive filters: The circuits built using RC, RL, or RLC circuits.

• Active filters : The circuits that employ one or more


• op-amps in the design an addition to
• resistors,inductor and capacitors
Advantages of Active Filters over Passive
Filters
Active filters can be designed to provide required gain, and hence no
attenuation as in the case of passive filters
No loading problem, because of high input resistance and low output
resistance of op-amp.
Active Filters are cost effective as a wide variety of economical op-amps
are available.
• Applications
Active filters are mainly used in communication and signal processing
circuits.
They are also employed in a wide range of applications such as
entertainment, medical electronics, etc.
Active Filters and Passive Filters
• There are 4 basic categories of active/passive filters:
1.Low-pass filters
2. High-pass filters
3. Band-pass filters
4. Band-reject filters
Each of active filters can be built by using op-amp as the active element
combined with RC, RL or RLC circuit as the passive elements.
conts
Second-Order RLC Filter Circuits
BASIC FILTER RESPONSES

• Low-Pass Filter Response


• A low-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies from 0Hz to critical
frequency, fc and significantly attenuates all other frequencies.
conts
cont
conts
conts
conts
High-Pass Filter Response
 A high-pass filter is a filter that significantly attenuates or rejects all
frequencies below fc and passes all frequencies above fc.
 The passband of a high-pass filter is all frequencies above the critical
frequency.
conts
The critical frequency of a high-pass RC filter occurs when
XC = R and can be calculated using the formula below:
1
fc 
2 RC
Band-Pass Filter Response

• A band-pass filter passes all signals lying within a band between a


lower-frequency limit and upper-frequency limit and essentially
rejects all other frequencies that are outside this specified band.
Conts
• A simple passive Band Pass Filter can be made by cascading together
a single Low Pass Filter with a High Pass Filter. The frequency
range, in Hertz, between the lower and upper -3dB cut-off points of
the RC combination is know as the filters “Bandwidth”.
• The width or frequency range of the filters bandwidth can be very
small and selective, or very wide and non-selective depending upon
the values of R and C used.
• The amplitude of the output signal from a band pass filter or any
passive RC filter for that matter, will always be less than that of the
input signal. In other words a passive filter is also an attenuator giving
a voltage gain of less than 1 (Unity).
• To provide an output signal with a voltage gain greater than unity,
some form of amplification is required within the design of the circuit.
Passive Band Pass RC Filter Circuit
conts
conts

• The frequency about which the pass band is centered is called


the center frequency, fo and defined as the geometric mean
of the critical frequencies.

f o  f c1 f c 2
conts
Band-Stop Filter Response
Active Low Pass Filter
• The most common and easily understood active filter is the active
Low Pass Filter. Its principle of operation and frequency response is
exactly the same as those for the previously seen passive filter
• the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for
amplification and gain control.
• The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to connect an inverting
or non-inverting amplifier, similar to the basic RC low pass filter circuit
as shown.
conts
• If a voltage gain greater than one is required we can use the following
filter circuit.
• The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for the
passive RC filter, except that the amplitude of the output is increased
by the pass band gain, AF of the amplifier.
• For a non-invertingamplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain
for the filter is given as a function of the feedback resistor (R2)
divided by its corresponding input resistor (R1) value.
conts
conts
Active High Pass Filter
• A first-order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its name implies,
attenuates low frequencies and passes high frequency signals. It
consists simply of a passive filter section followed by a noninverting
operational amplifier.
• The frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the
passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is increased by
the gain of the amplifier and for a non-inverting amplifier the value of
the pass band voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1, the same as for the
low pass filter circuit.
conts
Active Band Pass Filter

• Active Band Pass Filters, can be constructed by cascading together a


high pass and a low pass filter.
• Simple Active Band Pass Filter can be easily made by cascading
together a single Low Pass Filter with a single High Pass Filter as
shown.
conts
• The cut-off or corner frequency of the low pass filter (LPF) is higher
than the cut-off frequency of the high pass filter (HPF) and the
difference between the frequencies at the -3dB point will determine
the "bandwidth" of the band pass filter while attenuating any signals
outside of these points.
Band stop active filters
• Generally band-pass filters are constructed by combining a low pass
filter (LPF) in series with a high pass filter (HPF). Band stop filters are
created by combining together the low pass and high pass filter
sections in a “parallel” type configuration as shown.
• The summing of the high pass and low pass filters means that their
frequency responses do not overlap, unlike the band-pass filter. This is
due to the fact that their start and ending frequencies are at different
frequency points.
conts

• The transformation of this filter characteristic can be easily


implemented using a single low pass and high pass filter circuits
isolated from each other by non-inverting voltage follower, (Av = 1).
The output from these two filter circuits is then summed using a third
operational amplifier connected as a voltage summer (adder) as
shown.
• Band Stop Filter Circuit
conts
examples

• 1. Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that has a gain
of ten at low frequencies, a high frequency cut-off or corner
frequency of 159Hz and an input impedance of 10K. Also, plot the
expected frequency response of the filter.
• 2. A first order active high pass filter has a pass band gain of two and a
cut-off corner frequencyof 1 kHz. If the input capacitor has a value of
10nF, calculate the value of the cut-off frequency determining resistor
and the gain resistors in the feedback network. Also, plot the
expected frequency response of the filter.
3.Design a basic wide-band, RC band stop active filter that has a gain of
1 at low frequencies, with a lower cut-off frequency of 200Hz and a
higher cut-off frequency of 800Hz. Find the geometric center frequency,
-3dB bandwidth and Q of the circuit.

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