Chapter 9

TCP/IP Reference Model

Overview of TCP/IP

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 TCP/IP
• A highly standardized protocol used
widely on the Internet
• Standards area available in the form of
RFC documents
Request for Comment (RFC)
• Standards are overseen by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)

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 Layers of TCP/IP Reference
Model
• There are four layers of the TCP/IP reference
model
 The ISO-OSI reference model is composed of seven
layers
• The next slide shows the mapping of the
ISO/OSI model to the TCP/IP model
• Note that the ISO/OSI model is more widely
used and accepted but the TCP/IP model is
easy to comprehend

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ISO-OSI Seven Layer Model
Recalled
Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical

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ISO-OSI vs TCP/IP Layers
Application

Application
Presentation

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Network Access
Physical

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Layer Reference to Protocol
Application
FTP, Telnet, SMTP,
Application
Presentation HTTP..

Session

Transport Host-to-Host TCP, UDP

Network Internet IP, ICMP, IGMP

Data Link Network Ethernet, Token-Ring,

Access FDDI, ...
Physical
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 Layer Properties
• In the following slides, the following is
described for each layer
Layer function
Core protocols
Relationship to ISO/OSI model

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 Network Access Layer
• Responsible for sending and receiving
TCP/IP packets on the network medium
(physical/Data Link)
• Applicable LAN technologies
 Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI etc.

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 Some Core Protocols
• IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.5 and IEEE 802.11
series of protocols

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Relationship to OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Network Access
Layer
Physical Layer

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 Internet Layer
• Packaging
Encapsulating PDUs in to manageable sizes
called packets
• Addressing
Adding addressing information to packets (IP
Address/logical address)
• Routing
Choosing the path based on the addressing
information.

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Core Internet Layer Protocols
• IP
 A connectionless unreliable protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP protocol suite
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
 Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
 Diagnostics and error reporting
• (IGMP) Internet Group Management Protocol
 Management of group multicast

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 More on Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)

IP
130.182.190.90 130.182.190.50

NIC ID HAW NIC ID

AA.BB.CC.DD AB.BD.CD.DE

Resolves, for example, IP addresses to the corresponding

MAC level hardware address by for instance broadcasting.
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Relationship to ISO Model

Network Layer Internet Layer

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 Transport Layer
• Sequencing and transmission of packets
• Acknowledgment of receipts
• Recovery of packets
• Flow control
• In essence, it engages in host-to-host
transportation of data packets and the
delivery of them to the application layer

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Core Protocols of the
Transport Layer

TCP
UDP (User
(Transmission
Datagram Protocol)
Control Protocol)

Transport Layer

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 TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• One-to-one and connection-oriented
reliable protocol
• Used in the accurate transmission of
large amount of data
• Slower compared to UDP because of
additional error checking being
performed

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 UDP
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• One-to-one or one-to-many,connectionless and
unreliable protocol
• Used for the transmission of small amount of data
 Accuracy is not of prime concern
 The overhead of establishing a TCP connection is not warranted
• Used in video and audio casting
 Multicasting
 Broadcasting
• Also used for multimedia transmission
• Faster compared to TCP

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Relationship to ISO Model

Transport Layer
and some Transport Layer
functions of the
Session Layer

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 Application Layer
• Provides applications with the ability to
access the services of the other layers
• New protocols and services are always
being developed in this category

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 Some Application Related
Application Layer Protocols
• HTTP
• FTP
• SMTP
• Telnet
Some LAN Management/Operation Related
Application Layer Protocols
• DNS
• RIP
• SNMP
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 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
• Protocol relating to web applications
• Current version of HTTP 1.1 has
additional features
Upload information to the server
• Default port number is 80

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 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• File Transfer Protocol
 Used for downloading from most MP3 sites, for
example
• Designed for faster file transfer over the
Internet compared to using the HTTP
protocol
• FTP sites can be configured alongside a web
site to support FTP file transfer
• FTP default ports are 20 and 21

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 HTTP and FTP
• File transfer under FTP is faster than file
transfer under HTTP
• Choose an FTP site if there is one for
downloading files etc.

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Governs the transmission of mail
messages and attachments
• SMTP is used in the case of outgoing
messages
• More powerful protocols such as POP3
and IMAP4 are needed and available to
manage incoming messages

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 POP3/IMAP4
• Used for incoming mail
• POP3 is the older protocol
• IMAP4 is the more advanced protocol

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 Telnet
• Supports terminal emulation or host
sessions
• For example, Telnet can be used for
accessing a Unix machine and
emulating a terminal attached to the
Unix computer

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 Domain Name System (DNS)

Resolves domain names to IP addresses

and vice versa

www.refer.com DNS Server 130.182.125.66

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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Network 1
Router Network 2

Network 1

Used by Routers to route

data packets on an IP Internet.
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 Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)

Facilitates the management of SNMP compliant

routers, bridges, switches etc. by enabling
the collection and exchange of
network management information.
Router

Router Bridge

Remote
Switch Management
Console
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 SNMP
• Used by network management utilities
to manage network devices
• For example, a manageable hub that
support SNMP can be managed from a
remote location using a SNMP based
LAN management software

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Relationship to ISO Model

Presentation Application Layer

Layer

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 Ports
• TCP requires port numbers on the host
and destination for communication
Different port numbers are assigned to
different protocols by default
• HTTP 80, Telnet 23, FTP 20/21, RPC 135,
NetBIOS 139 etc.
• Standard port numbers have been
assigned by the Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA)

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 Using Port Numbers on Addresses
• Standard access for web browsing
mail.ambou.edu.et
Default port of 80 is used in this case
• Non-standard access
http://mail.ambou.edu.et:7071
The port number 7071 is used in this case to
host the above web server

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 Sample TCP Port Numbers
20 FTP Data Channel
21 FTP Control Channel
23 Telnet
80 HTTP on WWW
135 RPC
139 NetBIOS Session
Services

Note: There are port numbers applicable to UDP as well.

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36
TCP/IP Application Interface
• Applications require an Application
Programming Interface (API) to use the
services of TCP/IP
• API is a standardized interface between the
applications and the TCP/IP services
• Windows Sockets interface and NetBIOS
interface are two of the prominent examples
of Windows API

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 Windows APIs
• Windows socket
 Protocol, IP Address and Port number
• NetBIOS interface
 NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT)
 Supports NetBIOS Name Management, NetBIOS
Datagram and NetBIOS sessions
 If support is required for older NetBIOS applications,
then NetBIOS over TCP/IP must be invoked in the
TCP/IP properties tab

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