READING

ACTIVITY
 Module 1:
Nature, Goals and
Perspectives in/of
Anthropology, Sociology
and
Political Science
 OBJECTIVES OF THE
LESSON:
1. define anthropology, sociology
and political science;
2. identify the nature, goals and
perspectives of Anthropology,
Sociology and Political Science;
3. explain the different perspectives
of anthropology, sociology
and political science.
Anthropology
• Anthropology is digging at
ancient or prehistoric sites
seeking for clues about
Humanity as a whole.
Political science
• Political science is a focus
on the narrow band of human
activity that is Government,
Political Parties and
Elections.
Sociolog
y
• Sociology is exploring the statistics about countless
millions of people in every walk of life, in every aspect
of life, in every field, in every nation, in every institution,
including Fine Arts, Economics, Performing Arts, Ethics,
Politics, Science, Psychology, Art Criticism
and beyond.
NATURE
• The nature of culture refers to a
theoretical foundation of contemporary
anthropology.
The nature of culture refers to a theoretical foundation of contemporary
anthropology. It has been observed that the terms "nature" and "culture" that
• It has been observed that the terms
can not necessarily be translated into non-western languages.

"nature" and "culture" that can not

necessarily be translated into non-
western languages.
Nature of ANTROPOLOGY
• The study of Man and its various aspects is
known as Anthropology.
• It may be a subject of science and arts. It is a
branch of sociology.
• It describes human,
The nature of culture refers to ahuman behavior
theoretical foundation and human
of contemporary
societies and it examines all societies around
anthropology. It has been observed that the terms "nature" and "culture" that
can not necessarily be translated into non-western languages.
the world.
• It also describes the ancestors through time and
space in relation to its environmental, social
relations, and culture.
Nature of SOCIOLOGY
• it is the study of human social relationships and
institutions.
• Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging
from crime to religion, from the family to the
state,The from
nature ofthe
culturedivisions offoundation
refers to a theoretical race ofand social class
contemporary
to the shared Discoverbeliefs of a common
anthropology. It has been observed that the terms "nature" and "culture" that
can not necessarily be translated into non-western languages.
culture, and from social stability to radical
change in whole societies.
• As a social science, focuses its aspects on man,
his social manners, social activities and social
life.
Nature of POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Political Science is a social science that deals
with humans and their interactions.
• It is a branch of sociology; it essentially deals
with the large-scale actions of humans, and
groupThe mentality it is
nature of culture refers to aa discipline
theoretical foundation ofthat deals with
contemporary
several aspects such as the study of state and
anthropology. It has been observed that the terms "nature" and "culture" that
can not necessarily be translated into non-western languages.
government.
• Thus, it is the study of power relationships and
competing interests among states around the
world.
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
1. Cultural Perspective

2. Anthropological perspectives

3. Sociological perspective

4. Theoretical perspective

5. Political Science perspective

 1. Cultural Perspective 2. Anthro

• Culture is generic term yet very difficult

to define.
• Matthew Arnold in his Culture and
Anarchy (1867) mentioned that culture or
high culture as opposed to popular culture (or
folkways in an earlier usage) is a product of a
special intellectual or artistic endeavor humans
had invented.
 1. Cultural Perspective 2. Anthro
• Kroeber & Kluckhohn (1952) defined that
culture is composed of behavior (explicit
and implicit) acquired and transmitted
through symbols.
• Lastly, Schwartz (1992) stated that culture
consists of experiences that are organized,
learned or created by the individuals of a
population, including those images and
images adding up their unique
interpretations transmitted from the past
ctive 2. Anthropological perspectives 3. Socio
• Anthropological perspectives are culture,
cultural relativism, fieldwork, human
diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus.
• The four main perspectives of Anthropology
are the cross-cultural or comparative
emphasis, its evolutionary/historical
emphasis, its ecological emphasis, and its
holistic emphasis.
spectives 3. Sociological perspective 4. The
• introduces the discipline of sociology,
including something about its history,
questions, theory, and scientific methods,
and what distinguishes it from other social
science disciplines.
• Central features include social interaction
and relationships, social contexts, social
structure, social change, the significance
of diversity and human variation, and the
critical, questioning character of
spectives 3. Sociological perspective 4. The
• Sociology includes three major theoretical
perspectives:
1. the functionalist perspective;
2. the conflict perspective; and
3. the symbolic interaction
perspective.
E 4. Theoretical perspective 5. Politic

• As the Father of Sociology Auguste Comte coined the term

sociology and said that society is a social organism
possessing a harmony of structure and function, his
followers were motivated to give their own perspective on
this.

• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) described the emerging

societies as societies of survival and primarily based on the
concept of natural law.
E 4. Theoretical perspective 5. Politic

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) had a different take on society. He

postulated that societies develop through class conflicts.The
only way to end this conflict is through social revolution.

• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) said that society is composed

of harmonious elements such as individuals, organizations,
and social institutions.
E 4. Theoretical perspective 5. Politic

• George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) and other scholars who

conceptualized the concept of symbolic interactionism take a
different point of view on society.

• Herbert Blumer (1969) who coined the term symbolic

interactionism studied how humans interact to the meanings
ascribed into a specific object under circumstances.
E 4. Theoretical perspective 5. Politic

• Erving Goffman (1958) on the other hand used

dramaturgical analysis. In this approach, he used theater as
an analogy for social interaction and recognized that people
like actors and actresses, play their role and function
according to it.
• Charles Horton-Cooley (1902) said that society and
individuals are not separated but are simply collective and
distributive aspects of the same thing. He theorized the
concept of the looking glass self.
ectives 5. Political Science perspective

• Political science perspective studies the tendencies and actions

of people which cannot be easily quantified or examined.
• Political science is more focused than most social sciences.
• It sticks to the political arena and to the realm of politics,
either dealing with situations with two competing sides or the
lateral decisions that affect the group as a whole.
• An example is the study of democracy as a form of
government and why is democracy considered as the best
form of government.
 The Goals of
Anthropology,
Sociology, and Political
Science
Performance
Task 1
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THANK YOU