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Homeostasis

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elena farah
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66 views21 pages

Homeostasis

Uploaded by

elena farah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOMEOSTASIS

1. What is homeostasis?- Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to


maintain a constant internal environment.
Internal equilibrium includes:
 Body temperature (normally 36 – 38ºC)
 Carbon dioxide concentration (normally 35 – 45 mmHg)
 Blood pH (normally 7.35 – 7.45)
 Blood glucose levels (normally 70 – 100 mg/dL)
 Water balance (varies depending on individual body size-for the
average 70 kg man, 60% of the total body weight is comprised of
water, equaling 42L
 2. Control of body temperature
a/ Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is a part of the brain which has an important role
in regulating body temperature.
When the temperature is above or below 37‫ﹾ‬C, it sends nerve
impulses to parts of the body in order to keep the body temperature
constant.
b. Overheating- When the body is too hot, the
following happens: Much heat lost

Vasodilation
The blood vessels in the skin dilate and
allow more blood to flow near the surface.
The heat loss from the blood through the
skin helps cool the circulating blood.
Sweating
Sweat evaporates from the skin surface, thus
cooling it.
c. Overcooling- When the body is
too cold,
the following happens:
Less heat lost

Vasoconstriction
The blood vessels in the skin constrict.
Less warm blood flows near the surface so less
heat is lost.
Shivering
Skeletal muscles begin to shake
in small movements,
creating warmth by
expending energy.
3. Negative feedback
Negative feedback involves a response that is the reverse of the change
detected. It functions to reduce the change.
Negative feedback in thermoregulation
4. Endocrine system-a system of glands that release chemicals (hormones) into the
blood to regulate body functions

 A hormone is a chemical messenger that is transported via the bloodstream to act


on distant target cells

 Hormones are specific and will only activate cells or tissues that possess the
appropriate target receptor

 The endocrine system is slower to initiate, but has a more prolonged response
when compared to the nervous system
5. Endocrine Glands
6. Control of blood glucose level

a/ What is glycemia? –This is the level(or concentration) of glucose in


blood.
It’s normal value is ≈ 4.4-6 mmol/l.
b/ Variations of glycemia:
a/ Hyperglycemia - Blood glucose levels greater than
7.0 mmol/l.
b/ Hypoglycemia – Blood glucose levels lower than
4 mmol/l.
7. Organs controlling blood sugar level
8. The role of the liver in regulating glycemia
a/ Glycogenesis – the conversion of simple
glucose molecules into complex glycogen
molecules. This process takes place
in a case of hyperglycemia and
glycogen is stored in the liver for further
usage.
When the liver is saturated with glycogen,
the excess of glucose is stored also in the
muscles as glycogen and in fatty tissue as
lipids.
b/ Glycogenolysis –
A process by which the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles is
converted into glucose by the in a case of hypoglycemia).
The liver is the only organ able to release glucose in blood when
needed.
9. The role of the pancreas in regulating glycemia
Endocrine pancreas consists of group of cells called islets of
Langerhans, secreting two hormones: ꞵ-cells producing insulin
and α-cells producing glucagon.
 When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released from beta (β)
cells of the pancreas and cause a decrease in blood glucose
concentration by stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver
(glycogenesis)
 When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is released from alpha
(α) cells of the pancreas and cause an increase in blood glucose
concentration by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
(glycogenolysis)
10. Negative feedback in regulating glycemia
11. Diabetes
a/ What is a diabetes?- Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a
person's blood sugar
level to become too high.
b/ Causes of diabetes:
-The insulin produced by the pancreas is not enough to control the
glucose level in blood.
- The cells are not able to use the produced insulin properly (“insulin
resistance”)
c/ Types of diabetes
- Type 1- Insulin dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes (in young
people)
It’s an autoimmune disease because the pancreas is attacked by abnormal
antibodies that block its ability to produce insulin. These parents depend
on
insulin medication in order to survive.
-Type 2- Non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult onset diabetes :
The patients (over 30) can produce insulin but it cannot be used by the
body cells (specially fatty and muscle cells) due a defect in insulin
receptors.
d/ Symptoms of diabetes :

- Glucosuria – loss of glucose by urine


↓
- Polyuria – increase in the amount of the eliminated urine
↓
- Dehydration of the body
↓
- Increased thirst
↓
- Weight loss because the body uses its lipids reserves to replace the
loss of glucose
 12. Thyroxin

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