SENSE

RELATIONS

Class: V13221
Group: 4
Students: Tran Van Dang
Luyen Van Hieu
Nguyen Thi Thuy Nhung
Nguyen Nang Minh

Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Bich Hanh

 OUR TEAM

Nhung

Hieu

Đăng Minh
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01. 02. 03.
Substitutional
Definition of and Other types of
sense relations combinatorial sense relation
sense relations

04.
05.
Entailment and the Exercises for
truth of sentences students
 01. Sense relation is a
DEFINITION relation in meaning
OF SENSE between lexical units
of a language.
RELATIONS
 02.
SUBSTITUTIONAL AND
COMBINATORIAL SENSE
RELATIONS
 Substitutional and combinatorial sense
relations.
Substitutional Combinatorial
Those existing between Those normally hold
Definition members of same between items of
grammatical category. different grammatical
categories.

Example My wife is nice/ She is a nice women.

wonderful/ difficult/
touch.
 03.
OTHER TYPES OF
SENSE RELATIONS
 Hyponymy

Lexical gaps Meronymy

Other
Types
Paraphrases and Semantic
contradiction fields

Componential
analysis
 HYPONYMY
- Hyponymy shows the relationship between a specific instance
(hyponym) and a generic term of it (hypernym/ superordinate).
- The hyponymy is the member whose intensional meaning is
specific enough to cover the meaning of the superordinate whereas
the superordinate member is the one whose extensional meaning is
broad enough to cover the hyponym.
- The items related by hyponymic relations are more frequently
found among nouns than among adjectives or verbs.
 HYPONYMY

Hyponymy
Hypernym/
Hyponym
Superordinate
Hypernymy
 HYPONYMY
Example: “flower” and “rose”
- The sense of “rose” include the sense of “flower”
- The class of “rose” is a subset of the class of “flower”
=> “ rose” is the hyponymy of “flower” and “flower” is
the superordinate of “rose”.

If X is a hyponymy of Y, then the semantic content of Y is

a proper sub-part of the semantic content of X.
 HYPONYMY

If X is a hyponymy of Y and Y is a hyponymy of Z, then X is

the hyponymy of Z.

Example: “cow” is a hyponymy of “mammal”

“mammal” is a hyponymy of “animal”.
=> “cow” is a hyponymy of “animal”
 HYPONYMY

If X is a hyponymy of Y and Y is a hyponymy of X, then X

and Y are synonyms of each other.

Example: “mercury” and “quicksilver” are hyponyms of each

other, then they are synonyms.
 MERONYMY
- Meronymy (part-whole relation) is a semantic relation between a
part (meronym) and a whole (holonym).

Example: “eye” is a part of “ body”

Þ “eye” is a meronym of “body” and “body” is holonym of “eye”
Þ the relation between “eye” and “body” is meronymy.
 MERONYMY

MERONYMY

MERONYM HOLONYM

HOLONYMY
 MERONYMY

If something X is part of something Y which is part of

something Z, then X is described as part of Z.

Example: The “drives” are part of the “CPU” and the “CPU” is
part of the “computer”.
=> “drives” are part of the “computer”
 SEMANTIC FIELDS

- A semantic field is a set of lexical units have interrelated sense

based on a conceptual field or spectrum. In the simple way, it is
considered as a group of words related in meaning.
 SEMANTIC FIELDS
- Words can be grouped either thematically or ideographically.

Thematic group Ideographic group

Definition Thematic group contains words/ Ideographic group contains words/
phrases of the same part of speech phrases of different parts of speech
which cover the same conceptual but thematically related.
field.
Example “color” is a thematic group of “red”, “student” is a ideographic group of
“blue”, “jade-green”, ”black”... “study”, “uniform”, “diligent”…
PARAPHRASES AND CONTRADICTION
1. Paraphases
a. Definition
- Paraphases are a restatement or rewording of a paragraph or text in another
form or other words, often to simplify or clarify meaning
- Paraphases can be defined in term of entailment. If sentence expressing X
retails sentence expressing Y and vice versa, then X and Y are phrases of each
other.
Example: X: It seems that she is a good doctor
Y: She seems to be a good doctor
PARAPHRASES AND CONTRADICTION
1. Paraphases
b. Types
- Lexical paraphase ( known as Synonymy )

E.g: John is happy = John is cheerful

- Structural paraphase
E.g: John showed the picture to me
John showed me the picture
PARAPHRASES AND CONTRADICTION
2. Contradiction
- Definition :Contradiction is a combination of words that seem to be the
opposite of each other, with the result that the phrase has no clear meaning.

Eg: the cat is a dog

- Sentence A contradicts sentence B if whenever A is true, B is false.

Eg: X: John is an old man

a: john is female
-> X contradicts a, a contradict X.
 LEXICAL GAPS
Defininition: Lexical gaps are used to refer to the absence of a lexeme/ word at
a particular place in the structure of a lexical field.

Example: in English there is no singular noun that covers bull, cow and calf,
either as:
horse covers stallion, mare and foal
goat covers billy-goat, nanny-goat and kid.
 COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
- Definition: Componential analysis, another approach to meaning, represents
a word’s intension by breaking it down into smaller semantic components
(features):
- It uses the symbol of + (pressent feature) and – (absent feature)
man boy woman girl
+human +human +human +human
+male +male -male -male
+adult -adult +adult -adult
- However, there are limits on the insights into word meaning offered by
componential analysis:
-Do we say that the meaning of blue consists of the feature [+color] and
something else?
-If so, what is that other thing?
-Is it blueness?
-If so, then we still have not broken the meaning of blue into smaller
components.
 04.
ENTAILMENT AND THE
TRUTH OF SENTENCES
 Entailment
- Definition: Entailment is a relation in which the truth of one sentence necessarily implies
the truth of another.
- An entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance.
Sentences, not speakers, have entailment.
- Example:
Go + movement
+ with legs
+ destination (somewhere)
- In some cases, entailment is said to be asymmetrical:
I can see a horse.
I can see an animal.
The first sentence entails the second one because seeing a horse means seeing an animal.
However, the reverse does not follow as seeing an animal may mean seeing a horse, a dog, a
cat, an elephant, …
The truth condition
Definition: The set of conditions necessary for any given proposition p to be true is known as the truth conditions of
p.
- Truth conditions are often also called entailments.
- If a proposition p is true, then all truth conditions must be satisfied, i.e. all entailments of p must be true. Note: If an
entailment of p is false, then p is false.
Example: The child pinched an elephant.
• False if nothing was done to any elephant.
• False if the act upon any particular elephant by the child was not pinching.
Some truth conditions:
• Something was done to an elephant.
• The elephant was pinched.
Truth conditions apply to propositions, not sentences.
• Propositions are often expressed in sentences, but needn’t be.
E.g: The man in yellow is blowing bubbles.
- A sentence may contain numerous propositions, while itself being a proposition.
E.g: The child tickled the elephant and the elephant ran away.
Proposition 1: The child tickled the elephant.
Proposition 2: The elephant ran away.
Proposition 3: Conjunction of Proposition 1 & Proposition 2.
The truth condition
Definition: The set of conditions necessary for any given proposition p to be true
is known as the truth conditions of p.
- Truth conditions are often also called entailments.
- If a proposition p is true, then all truth conditions must be satisfied, all
entailments of p must be true. (Note: If an entailment of p is false, then p is false.)
Example:
“The child pinched an elephant.”
• False if nothing was done to any elephant.
• False if the act upon any particular elephant by the child was not pinching.
Some truth conditions:
• Something was done to an elephant.
• The elephant was pinched.
The truth condition

- Analytic sentences:
E.g. My mother is a woman
- Contradictions:
E.g. My mother is a male
- Synthetic sentences: synthetically true or false
E.g. My mother is kind
 05.
EXERCISES FOR
STUDENT
Exercise 1: Read these sentences and choose T (True) or F (False).
T F
1. Substitutional relations are those existing between members of the
same grammatical category.
different

specific
2. The hyponym is the member whose intensional meaning is broad
enough to cover the meaning of the superordinate.

3. Thematic groupings contains words of the same part of speech which

cover the same conceptual field.

4. Paraphrase is the relationship where two propositions have the same

truth conditions .

5. Entailment is a relationship that applies between two propositions,

implieson the truth of the other because of the
where the truth of one depends
meanings of the words involved .
Exercise 2:

Hypernymy
1. “flower” is a ……………………..of “tulip”.

Hyponymy
2. “Honda” is a …………………….. of “car”.
Hypernymy
3. “animal” is a……………………..of “salmon” and “goldfish”.
Meronymy
4. “cover” and “page” are …………………….of “book”.
Holonymy
5. “body” is a …………………of “ankle” and “foot”.
Exercise 3: Identify the truth conditions of the following
sentences as analytic/ contradictor / synthetically true or false
Analytic
1. The tiger is an animal
Synthetically True/False
2. The tiger is unhappy.

Contradictor
3. My mother is a boy.
Synthetically True/False
4. The tiger is a reptile.
5. The man is handsome and humorous. Synthetically True/False
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