METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
 INTRODUCTION
Philosophizing is a way to reveal the truth about the
various stages of life and to reveal the fulfillment of
PURPOSE in life and to achieve the REALIZATION of
this purpose in a relevant way.
WHAT IS TRUTH?

Truth means being in

accord with fact or
reality.
 TRUTH IS FACT
• Truthlies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact
or reality that has been verified.
Example:
1. All squares are rectangles, but rectangles are not square.
2. Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.
3. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
4. Only women can be a mother
 LET EXPLORE TRUTH ABOUT YOU
Complete the following sentence:
I know that ………… (Alam ko na ….)
I know why…………. (Alam ko kung bakit)
I know how ………… (Alam ko kung paano)
KNOWLEDGE
• Knowledge is the clear
awareness and understanding of
something.
• Our knowledge is comprised of
ideas and beliefs that we know
to be true.
• It is a justified true belief
 EXAMPLE

• I know how to ride a bicycle

• I can recite PANATANG MAKABAYAN
• I know that if you touch something hot, you will be
burned.
• I know that there are 365 days in 1 year.
 An assertion that
expresses a judgment
or opinion
Propositions expression of
something

• Propositions are statements about the world or

reality which may or may not carry truth.
• A statement or an idea which people can consider
or discuss to decide whether it is true.
 EXAMPLE
• Grass
is green ( This proposition may or
may not be true).
• Lending is a good business
•I can be a superhuman
 FACTS Known, Proven to
be true

Propositions which are observed to be

real or truthful and proven to be TRUE
are considered FACTS.
Scientifically
proven or socially
acceptable
 EXAMPLE
•I know that fish live in water
• Humans are mammals
• All planets revolve around the sun.
WHAT IS CLAIM
There are statements, however,
that are not evidently or
immediately known to be true,
and they are called CLAIMS.
They require further examination
to establish whether it is true or
false.
 CLAIM IS DEMANDING

When you claim something, you're

demanding that other believe you
or saying you are true.
 I know that our school is the
EXAMPLE best school in Balagtas.

A STEM strand in SHS

prepares students best.

I can win a singing contest

because of my exceptional
talent.
 BELIEF
•
Belief is something that you believe
or accept as true.
• It expresses convictions that are not
easily and clearly explained by
facts.
 BELIEF
Example:

• A belief that the earth is round.

• Some people believe that there are no bad
dogs, only bad owners.
• I believe that college graduates have better
opportunity than high school graduates
 How do we know if our belief is true?
• Philosophers
emphasize the
importance of belief as a basis for
determining truth. But how do we
know that what we believe is true?
 ROLE OF DOUBT IN FINDING TRUTH
• Doubthas a very important purpose in
philosophy as it drives our desire to
discover truth. Nothing is taken as true
unless there is sufficient reason and
evidence to prove that it is indeed true.
 How do we know if our belief is true?
1. It can be justified or proven using one’s
senses (see, hear, smell, feel, taste)
2. It is based on facts (scientific basis)
3. Getting consensus (having people agree on
a common belief)
 LET’S TEST IF YOUR BELIEF IS TRUE
• Do you believe that you are alive? If yes,
Use your senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing) to check if
you are still alive?
• According to science a person who is alive must have a heartbeat
and pulse
Use the scientific method to test your heartbeat and pulse
• Does other people agree that you are alive?
Ask a doctor, nurse or midwife to conduct test to you if you are not sure.
If the result is acceptable, we can now declare a fact that ‘you are really alive”
 OPINIONS
• An opinion is a personal beliefs or views
that expresses a feeling, an attitude, or a
judgment. It is a statement that is neither
true nor false.
 OPINIONS ARE BIAS?
• Opinions are also the bases for making
arguments and convincing people that a
certain claim is a fact. They are often
influenced by bias.
• How can we distinguish truth from opinion?
 EXAMPLE

• FILIPINOS ARE GREAT SINGER

• AMERICA IS A GOOD COUNTRY
• HE CAN BE A GOOD BOYFRIEND
 EXPLANATIONS
Explanations are statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide reasons why
the statement is true.
 EXAMPLES
• Filipinosare hospitable because it is deeply
rooted in the Philippines' culture to treat visitors
with utmost respect and generosity
• Chinese are good in business because they keep
working hard seriously and are always ready to
tackle any difficulties to earn money.
 ARGUMENTS
Arguments are a series of statements that
provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
They often take the form of statements that
are either claims of facts and are phrased in
such a way that they seem reasonable.
 EXAMPLE
• If
you want to find a good job, you should
study hard.
• People who sleep early, has better memory
 FALLACIES
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty
reasoning. Some of them are intentional,
as the person making the claim is
desperate to convince you.
 EXAMPLE

People have been trying for centuries to prove

that God exists. But no one has yet been able to
prove it. Therefore, God does not exist.”
Note: *But does anyone prove that He does not
really exist?*
 Biases
Prejudgment in favor of or against one thing, person, or
group compared with another, usually in a way considered to
be unfair.

The personal views of the person presenting it. They are not
necessarily errors in reasoning but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of people.
 EXAMPLE
• Hiringpersonnel favors male candidates
over female candidates even though they
have similar skills and job experience.
 HINDSIGHT
Hindsight (knew-it-all-along phenomenon) Is when,
after an event occurs, we feel we already knew what
was going to happen.

“When you put a glass on the edge of a table, and you start cleaning, and
bumped the glass and it fell to the ground. This incident alarm you every
time you see a glass at the edge of a table.”
 EXAMPLE
• For example, after a person's favorite team loses the
BASKETBALL GAME, they might feel convinced
that they knew the team was going to lose (even
though they didn't feel that way before the game).