Work, energy and

power
Wor
k
If a force acts on a body such that displacement takes
place, work is said to be done. If force and displacement
are in same direction, work done is done by force. If force
and displacement are in opposite direction, work done is
against the force
Work done by constant force:
𝐹 sin 𝜃

A 𝐹 B
cos 𝜃 S

Suppose an object of mass m is placed at point A. Let a force F is

applied to an object by making an angle 𝜃 with x-axis. Due to this force
object reaches at point B after travelling a distance S. Here the total
force F is not responsible to displace the object from A to B. Only the
component 𝐹 cos 𝜃 displaces the object from A to B.
So the work done by this force is given by
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∙ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐹 cos 𝜃 ∙ 𝑆
= 𝐹𝑆 cos 𝜃
= 𝐹→ ∙ 𝑆 →
Hence, work done by constant force is the dot product of force
and displacement. It is a scalar quantity. Its unit is Nm.
Nature of work done: The work done by constant force is given
by
𝑊 = 𝐹→ ∙ 𝑆 →
 The work done by constant force not only depends on magnitude of
force and displacement but also depends on the angle between force and
displacement.
1. Force and displacement are in same direction 𝑖𝑒, 𝜃 = 0°
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 cos 0° = 𝐹𝑆 (Positive work done)
2. Force and displacement are in opposite direction 𝑖𝑒, 𝜃 = 180°
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 cos 180° = −𝐹𝑆 (Negative work done)
3. Force and displacement are in same perpendicular
mutually
𝑖𝑒, 𝜃 = 90°
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 cos 90° = 0
(No work done)
Work done by variable forces
Force B
F Q B
F P
B A
C A

O A X X
𝑥1 𝑥2 S D
C R
Displacement

Suppose a variable force F displaces the object From 𝑥1 𝑡𝑜 𝑥2 in a

fixed direction. To find the work done by variable force let us divide the
displacement 𝑥1𝑥2 into large number of infinitesimal small displacement.
In one such small displacement 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑑𝑥, force is constant.
Work done by constant force is
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝑂𝐶 × 𝑂𝐴
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶
Now, Small amount of work done in moving the body from S to R
is
𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃𝑆 × 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆
The total amount of work done is
𝑊= = ∑𝐹𝑛1𝑖 𝑑𝑥
= 1𝐹+ 𝐹 𝑑𝑥2 +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +𝐹𝑛𝑑𝑥𝑛
𝑖𝑑𝑥𝑖 2
1
If 𝑛 → ∞ then𝑥2 ∑ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑥∫2
𝑖𝑒, 𝑊 = ∫𝑥1 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥1 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆
= Total area under the curve between F and x-axis from
𝑥1𝑡𝑜 𝑥2
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝑥1𝑥2
Hence, work done by a variable force is numerically equal to the
area under the force curve and displacement axis.
 Energy
Capacity to do work is called energy. It is a scalar
quantity. Its dimension formula is 𝑀𝐿2𝑇−2 . Its unit is joule in SI
unit. There are different forms of energy
i.e. heat energy, light energy, sound energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy
etc.
Here we studyonly mechanical energy. Mechanical energy
is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy:

The energy possess by an object by virtue of its motion is called

kinetic energy. For example energy carried by flowing water, blowing
air etc.

Potential energy:

The energy possess by an object by virtue of its position is called

potential energy. For example energy stored in stretched catapult,
water in dam etc.
 Expression of kinetic energy
Suppose an object of mass m is initially rest at point A. when force F is applied
then it reaches at point B after travelling a distance S, where its velocity is 𝑣. Now
the work done by force is
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆
𝑢=0
But 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 F 𝑣
or, 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 𝑖 A B
S
Also, from equation of straight line
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑆
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑆 ∵𝑢=0
2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣 𝑖𝑖
2
∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
From equation 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑖 we get,
2
𝑊 =𝑚𝑣
2
This amount of work done is stored is in the form kinetic energy
𝑖𝑒, 𝑊 = 𝐾. 𝐸.
1
∴ 𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣2
2
This is the required expression of kinetic energy.
If the object is not initially in rest then the work done by force F is given by
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑢 2
𝑊= −
2 2
Hence, work done by force is equal to change in kinetic energy of the object.
This is known as work-energy theorem.
Note: The expression of kinetic energy of an object is
1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣2
2 2
1 𝑚𝑣
=
2 𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑃
2𝑚
Since linear momentum is constant.
1
∴ 𝐾. 𝐸. 𝖺 𝑚
Kinetic energy is inversely proportional to mass.
𝑆𝑜, 𝐾.𝐸. 1
= 𝑚21
𝑚
𝐾.𝐸. 2
 Expression of potential energy
An object of mass m is placed in rest at point A at a height h from the ground. Its
weight (𝑤) = 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 is vertically down ward. The work done by weight is given
by
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 A m

𝑜𝑟, 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕
∵𝑆=𝑕 mg
h
This amount of work done is stored
in the form of potential energy.
Ground
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑃. 𝐸. = 𝑊
This is∴ the
𝑃. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑔𝑕expression of potential energy. Hence for an object potential
required
energy is directly proportional to height.
 Principle of conservation of energy
It states that ‘energy neither be created nor be destroyed but can be
transformed from one form to another form so that the total energy of the system
always remains constant’
Conservation of mechanical energy during free fall: A 𝑢=0

Suppose an object of mass m is placed in rest

𝑥
at point A at a height h from the ground.
h
At point A, B
1
𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 2 𝑚𝑢 2 = 0 ∵𝑢= 𝑣𝐵
𝑕
0 −𝑥

∴
𝑃.𝑀.
𝐸.𝑎𝐸. 𝑎 𝑡=
𝑡 𝐴
= 𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐴 + 𝑃.
𝐴 𝑚𝑔𝑕 C 𝑣𝐶
𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐴
During its down ward motion, it is at point B after travelling a distance 𝑥 from
point A where its velocity is 𝑣𝐵 which is calculated by using formula
𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑠
𝐵 𝐴
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣𝐵2 − 0 = 2𝑔𝑥 ∵ 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑢 = 0; 𝑎 = 𝑔; 𝑆
=
𝑜𝑟,𝑥𝑣𝐵2 = 2𝑔𝑥
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵,
1 2 1
𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝐵 = 2 𝑚 × 2𝑔𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥

𝑃. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑕 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑀. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐵 = 𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐵 + 𝑃. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐵
= 𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑕 − 𝑥
= 𝑚𝑔𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔𝑕 − 𝑚𝑔𝑥
= 𝑚𝑔𝑕
During this process, when it is just reaching to the ground with velocity 𝑣𝐶 which
is calculated by using formula
𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 = 2𝑎𝑠
𝐶 𝐴
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣𝐶2 − 0 = 2𝑔𝑕 ∵ 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑢 = 0; 𝑎 = 𝑔; 𝑆
=
𝑜𝑟,𝑕𝑣𝐶2 = 2𝑔𝑕
𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶,
1 2 1
𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝐶 = 2 𝑚 × 2𝑔𝑕 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕

𝑃. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔 × 0 = 0
∴ 𝑀. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐶 = 𝐾. 𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐶 + 𝑃.
𝐸.𝑎 𝑡 𝐶
= 𝑚𝑔𝑕 + 0
= 𝑚𝑔𝑕
Hence, mechanical energy at every point in the down ward motion is constant
and equal to ‘mgh’.

Mechanical energy

mgh

O h height
 Power
The rate of doing work is called power. It is denoted by P.
If 𝑊 is the amount of work done in time t then power is given by
𝑃 = 𝑊𝑡
Its unit is 𝐽𝑆−1 or watt.

But 𝑊 = 𝐹→ ∙ 𝑆→
𝑜𝑟, 𝑃 =
𝑡
𝐹→∙𝑆→

= 𝐹→ 𝑡∙
𝑆→
= 𝐹→ ∙ 𝑣→
Hence, power is the dot product of force and velocity. So it is a scalar quantity.
 Conservative and non-conservative
Conservative force:
force
A force is said to be conservative if work done by a force in a closed
path is equal to zero. For example gravitational force, forces in elastic
spring, magnetic force, electrostatic force etc. It is independent to
the path followed by the object. It only depends on the position of an
object.
Work done by gravity force F from A to
B A
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵
Also, work done by gravity force F from B to A
𝑊𝐵𝐴 = −𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵
Total work done by gravity from A to B and from B to A
𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐴
= 𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵
=0
Hence, the gravity force F is called conservative force.
Non-conservative force:

A force is said to be non-conservative if work done by a force in a

closed path is not equal to zero. For example frictional force, viscus
force etc. It is independent to the position of an object. It only depends
on the path followed by the object.
Work done by frictional force F from A to B
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = −𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵 F

Also, work done by frictional force F from B to A

𝑊𝐵𝐴 = −𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵 A B
Total work done from A to B and from B to A
F
𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐴
= −𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵
= −2𝐹 × 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 0
Hence, the frictional force F is called non-conservative force.
 Collision
An interaction between the objects is called collision. It is of two
types.
1. Elastic collision: A collision is said to elastic if
i. Total linear momentum of the system is conserved.
ii. Total kinetic energy of the system is conserved.
iii. Total energy of the system is conserved.
For example collision between atomic and sub-atomic particles.
2. Inelastic collision: A collision is said to inelastic
if
i. Total linear momentum of the system is conserved.
ii. Total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved.
iii. Total energy of the system is conserved.
For example clapping, collision of vehicles etc.
Two equations for elastic collision
1. 𝑚 1 𝑢 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑢 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑣 2
1 𝑚 𝑢2 + 1 𝑚 𝑢 1 2 1 +1
1 1 2 2 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣 2
2. 𝑚2 𝑣2
2 2 2 2

Two equations for inelastic collision

1. 𝑚 1 𝑢 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑢 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑣 2
1 𝑚 𝑢2 + 1 𝑚 𝑢 1 2 1 +1
1 1 2 2 2 ≠ 𝑚1 𝑣 2
2. 𝑚2 𝑣2
2 2 2 2

𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾.OR
𝐸. = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐾. 𝐸. −𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐾.
𝐸. = 1 𝑚1𝑢21 + 1 𝑚2 𝑢22 − 1 𝑚1𝑣12 + 1 𝑚2𝑣22
2 2 2 2
 One dimensional elastic
Suppose two objectcollision
A and B having mass 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2are moving with velocity
𝑢1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 𝑢1 > 𝑢2 respectively. Let they collide for small interval of time. After
collision they are moving with velocity 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 respectively.
𝑢1 > 𝑢 2

𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
A B A B A B
Before collision During collision After collision

Now, from the conservation of linear momentum we have

𝑚1𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 𝑖
 or, 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = +𝑚2 𝑣2 −𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
𝑖𝑖 the conservation of kinetic energy
Also, from
1 𝑚 𝑢2 + 1 𝑚 𝑢2 = 1 𝑚 𝑣 2 + 1 𝑚 𝑣 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
or, 1 𝑚1𝑢21 − 1 𝑚1𝑣12 = 1 𝑚2𝑣22 − 1 𝑚2 𝑢22
2 2 2 2
𝑜𝑟, 1 𝑚1 𝑢12 − 𝑣 2 1 = 1 𝑚 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
2 2 2 2
2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑢2 𝑣2 + 𝑢2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
Dividing equation 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑖 we get, 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑚 1 𝑢 1 −𝑣1 𝑢 1 +𝑣 1 𝑚 2 𝑣 2 −𝑢 2 𝑣 2 +𝑢 2
or, 𝑚 1 𝑢 1 −𝑣 1 = 𝑚 2 𝑣 2 −𝑢 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑢2
or, 𝑣2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
𝑜𝑟, 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
Hence, the relative velocity of approach before collision is equal to relative velocity
of recession 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 after collision.
Putting the value of 𝑣2 from equation (𝑖𝑣) in equation (i) we get,
𝑚 1 𝑢 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑢 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣 1 + 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑣 1 − 𝑢 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 2𝑚
1 2
𝑚 1 −𝑚
𝑢 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1
2𝑚 22 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑣
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 𝑚 1 +𝑚 2
Using this value equation 𝑖𝑣 becomes,
 𝑚 1 −𝑚 2 2𝑚 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢2
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 𝑚 1 +𝑚 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑣2 = 1 + 𝑚 1 −𝑚 2 𝑢1 + 2𝑚 2 − 1 𝑢2
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 𝑚 1 +𝑚 2
2𝑚 1 𝑚 2 −𝑚 1
∴ 𝑣2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑣𝑖
𝑚 1 +𝑚 2 𝑚 1 +𝑚 2
Equation 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖 are the velocity of the colliding object after
collision. If the colliding objects have same mass 𝑖𝑒 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚 then
equation 𝑣
and 𝑣𝑖 becomes
𝑣1 = 𝑢 2
And 𝑣2 = 𝑢1
Hence, they
exchange
their velocity
 Coefficient of restitution 𝑒
It is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of separation to the relative velocity of
approach. It is denoted by e.
Coefficient of restitution 𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑣2−𝑣1
=
𝑢 2 −𝑢 1 varies between 0 to 1.
The value of coefficient of restitution
For perfectly elastic collision, 𝑒 = 1
For perfectly inelastic collision, 𝑒 = 0
For imperfect collision, 0 < 𝑒 < 1
Given, m1 = 15kg , m2 = 28kg
Suppose pulley moves with acceleration a
Then,
m2g – T = m2a T = m2g - m2a ……..
(i)
And T – m1g = m1a T = m1g +
m1a …….(ii)
Comparing eqns(i) and (ii), we get
m2g - m2a = m1g + m1a
Or, m1a + m2a = m2g - m1g
…………..
a = …….(yourself)
Substituting value of a in eqn(i)
19. Given,
Mass of gas emitted per second(mg/t)= 0.2kg/s
Velocity of gas relative to the rocket = 40m/s
Change in velocity of gas = 40 – 0 = 40m/s
Mass of rocket (mr) = 4kg
Acceleration of rocket(ar) = ?
We know
Force of emitted gas (Fg)
2. Soln
Volume of reservoir = 250m3
Height (h) = 20m
Efficiency = 70 %
Time (t) = 3hrs = 3 X 60 X 60 = ………sec
Input power (Pin) = ?
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14.
20. Given,
sin𝜃 = 1/100
Mass of Train = 600 tonnes
Mass of engine = 200 tonnes
Total mass of engine and train (m) = 800 tonnes = 800 x 1000 = 800000kg
Velocity = 60km/hr
= ……. m/s
Frictional force per tonne = 50N
Total frictional force = 50 x 800 N
= 40000 N