Chapter Seven

PHP Database connectivity

• The collection of related data is called a database.
How we can connect PHP to MySQL?
• PHP 5 and later can work with a MySQL database using:
• MySQLi extension (the ‘i’ is abbreviation for improved)
• PDO (PHP Data Objects)
Which one should we use MySQLi or PDO?
• Both MySQLi and PDO have their recompenses:
• PDO will work with 12 different database systems, whereas MySQLi will
only work with MySQL databases.
• So, if you have to shift your project to use alternative database, PDO
makes the process easy. You only have to change the connection string
and a few queries. With MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the complete
code — queries included.
• Both are object-oriented, but MySQLi also offers a procedural API.
Connection to MySQL using MySQLi
• PHP provides mysql_connect() function to open a database
connection.
• This function takes a single parameter, which is a connection returned
by the mysql_connect() function.
• You can disconnect from the MySQL database anytime using another
PHP function mysql_close().
• There is also a procedural approach of MySQLi to establish a
connection to MySQL database from a PHP script.
 MySQLi Object-Oriented
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// For checking if connection is successful or not
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: ". $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
MySQLi Procedural
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check if connection is Successful or not
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: ". mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Connection to MySQL using PDO
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=myDB", $username,
$password);
// Set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
echo "Connected successfully";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: ". $e->getMessage();
}
?>
PHP | MySQL ( Creating Table )
• What is a table? In relational databases, a table is a set of data elements
using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows, the cell being the
unit where a row and column intersect.
• A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of
rows.
• Creating a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO
• The steps to create table are similar to creating databases.
• The difference is instead of creating a new database we will connect to
existing database and create a table in that database.
• To connect to an existing database we can pass an extra variable “database
name” while connecting to MySQL. The CREATE TABLE statement is
used to create a table in MySQL.
• In this article, a table named “employees”, with four columns: “id”,
“firstname”, “lastname” and “email” will be created.
1.The data types that will be used are :VARCHAR:Holds a variable
length string that can contain letters, numbers, and special characters.
The maximum size is specified in parenthesis.
2.INT :the INTEGER data type accepts numeric values with an implied
scale of zero. It stores any integer value between -2147483648 to
2147483647.
3.The attributes that are used along with data types in this article
are:NOT NULL: Each row must contain a value for that column, null
values are not allowed.
4.PRIMARY KEY: Used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. The
column with PRIMARY KEY setting is often an ID number.
Creating table using MySQLi Object- // sql code to create table
oriented Procedure Syntax : $sql = "CREATE TABLE employees(
<?php id INT(2) PRIMARY KEY,
$servername = "localhost"; firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$username = "username"; lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$password = "password"; email VARCHAR(50)
$dbname = "newDB"; )";
// checking connection if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
$conn = new mysqli($servername, echo "Table employees created
$username, $password, $dbname); successfully";
} else {
// Check connection
echo "Error creating table: " . $conn>error;
if ($conn->connect_error) {
}
die("Connection failed: " .
$conn>connect_error); $conn->close();
?>
}
 Creating table using MySQLi Procedural procedure Syntax :
<?php // sql code to create table
$servername = "localhost"; $sql = "CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT(2) PRIMARY KEY,
$username = "username";
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$password = "password"; lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$dbname = "newDB"; email VARCHAR(50)
// Checking connection )";
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
$username, $password, $dbname); echo "Table employees created successfully";
} else {
// Check connection
echo "Error creating table: " .
if (!$conn) { mysqli_error($conn);
die("Connection failed: " . }
mysqli_connect_error()); mysqli_close($conn);
} ?>
 Creating table using PDO procedure Syntax :
// sql code to create table
<?php $sql = "CREATE TABLE employees ( id INT(6)
$servername = "localhost"; UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$username = "username";
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
$password = "password"; email VARCHAR(50) )";
$dbname = "newDB"; // using exec() because no results are returned
try { $conn->exec($sql);
echo "Table employees created successfully";
$conn = new
PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$ }
dbname", $username, $password); catch(PDOException $e)
{
// setting the PDO error mode to
exception echo $sql . "" . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn>setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMO
$conn = null;
DE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
?>
PHP | Inserting into MySQL database
• INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new rows in a database
table.
• Let’s see the syntax how to insert into table, considering database
already exists. SYNTAX :
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3, ... columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...valueN);
• Here, column1, column2, column3, …columnN are the names of the
columns in the table into which you want to insert the data.
Creating table using MySQLi Object-oriented Procedure :
<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "newdb");
if ($mysqli == = false) {
die("ERROR: Could not connect. ".$mysqli->connect_error); }
$sql = "INSERT INTO mytable (firstname, lastname, age) VALUES('ram', 'singh', '25') ";
if ($mysqli->query($sql) == = true) {
echo "Records inserted successfully."; }
else{
echo “ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. “.$mysqli->error;
}
// Close connection
$mysqli->close();
?>
Creating table using MySQLi PDO Procedure :
<?php
try {
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=newdb", “root", "");
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
}
catch (PDOException $e) {
die("ERROR: Could not connect. ".$e->getMessage()); }
try {
$sql = "INSERT INTO mytable (first_name, last_name, age) VALUES('ram', 'singh', '25') ";

$pdo->exec($sql);
echo "Records inserted successfully.";
}
catch (PDOException $e) {
die("ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. “ .$e->getMessage()); }
// Close connection
unset($pdo);
?>
PHP | MySQL Select Query
• The SQL SELECT statement is used to select the records from
database tables.
Syntax : The basic syntax of the select clause is
SELECT column1_name,column2_name,columnn_name FROM
table_name;
To select all columns from the table, the * character is used.
SELECT * FROM table_name;
To select all the data stored in the ‘ Data ‘ table, we will use the code
mentioned below. SELECT Query using Procedural Method :
<?php while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($res))
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", { echo "<tr>";
"root", "", "Mydb"); echo "<td>".$row['Firstname']."</td>";
echo "<td>".$row['Lastname']."</td>";
if ($link === false) { die("ERROR:
echo "<td>".$row['Age']."</td>";
Could not connect.
echo "</tr>";
".mysqli_connect_error());
}
} echo "</table>";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Data"; mysqli_free_result($res);
if ($res = mysqli_query($link, $sql)) }
{ else {
if (mysqli_num_rows($res) > 0) { echo "No matching records are found.";
echo "<table>"; }}
echo "<tr>"; else {
echo "<th>Firstname</th>"; echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute
$sql. “ .mysqli_error($link);
echo "<th>Lastname</th>";
}
echo "<th>age</th>"; mysqli_close($link);
echo "</tr>"; ?>
Code Explanation:
1.The “res” variable stores the data that is returned by the
function mysql_query().
2.Everytime mysqli_fetch_array() is invoked, it returns the next row
from the res() set.
3.The while loop is used to loop through all the rows of the table “data”.
SELECT Query using Object Oriented Method :
<?php while ($row = $res->fetch_array())
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", {
"", "Mydb"); echo "<tr>";
if ($mysqli === false) { echo "<td>".$row['Firstname']."</td>";
echo "<td>".$row['Lastname']."</td>";
die("ERROR: " .$mysqli->connect_error);
echo "<td>".$row['Age']."</td>";
} echo "</tr>";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Data"; }
if ($res = $mysqli->query($sql)) { echo "</table>";
if ($res->num_rows > 0) { $res->free();
echo "<table>"; }
else {
echo "<tr>";
echo "No matching records are found.";
echo }}
"<th>Firstname</th>"; else {
echo echo "ERROR: Could not execute $sql. " .
"<th>Lastname</th>"; $mysqli->error;
echo "<th>Age</th>"; }
echo "</tr>"; $mysqli->close();
?>
 SELECT Query using PDO Method :
<?php while ($row = $res->fetch()) {
echo "<tr>";
try { $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host = localhost; dbname=mydb", "root", "");
echo
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); "<td>".$row['Firstname']."</td>";
echo
} "<td>".$row['Lastname']."</td>";
catch (PDOException $e) { echo "<td>".$row['Age']."</td>";
echo "</tr>";
die("ERROR: Could not connect. ".$e->getMessage()); } }
try { $sql = "SELECT * FROM Data"; echo "</table>";
unset($res);
$res = $pdo->query($sql);
}
if ($res->rowCount() > 0) { else {
echo "No matching records are
echo "<table>";
found.";
echo "<tr>"; }}
catch (PDOException $e) {
echo "<th>Firstname</th>";
die("ERROR: Could not able to execute
echo "<th>Lastname</th>"; $sql. " .$e->getMessage());
}
echo "<th>Age</th>";
unset($pdo);
echo "</tr>"; ?>
PHP | MySQL Delete Query
• The DELETE query is used to delete records from a database table.
• It is generally used along with the “Select” statement to delete only
those records that satisfy a specific condition.
• Syntax : The basic syntax of the Delete Query is

• Let us consider the following table “Data” with four columns ‘ ID ‘, ‘

FirstName ‘, ‘ LastName ‘ and ‘ Age ‘.
• To delete the record of the person whose ID is 201 from the ‘ Data ‘
table, the following code can be used. Delete Query using
Procedural Method :
<?php
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "Mydb");
if($link === false){
die("ERROR: Could not connect. " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
$sql = "DELETE FROM Data WHERE ID=201";
if(mysqli_query($link, $sql)){
echo "Record was deleted successfully.";
}
else{
echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ". mysqli_error($link);
}
mysqli_close($link);
?>
Delete Query using Object Oriented Method :
<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "Mydb");
if($mysqli === false){
die("ERROR: Could not connect. " . $mysqli->connect_error);
}
$sql = "DELETE FROM Data WHERE ID=201";
if($mysqli->query($sql) === true){
echo "Record was deleted successfully.";
} else{
echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ". $mysqli->error;
}
$mysqli->close();
?>
Delete Query using PDO Method :

<?php
try{
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost; dbname=Mydb", "root", "");
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch(PDOException $e){
die("ERROR: Could not connect. " . $e->getMessage());
}
try{
$sql = "DELETE FROM Data WHERE ID=201";
$pdo->exec($sql);
echo "Record was deleted successfully.";
} catch(PDOException $e){
die("ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ". $e->getMessage());
}
unset($pdo);
?>
PHP | MySQL WHERE Clause
• The WHERE Clause is used to filter only those records that are fulfilled by a specific
condition given by the user.
• in other words, the SQL WHERE clause is used to restrict the number of rows affected
by a SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE query.
• Syntax : The basic syntax of the where clause is –
SELECT Column1 , Column2 , …. FROM Table_Name WHERE Condition
Implementation of WHERE Clause :
• To select all the rows where the “Firstname” is “ram”, we will use the following code :
Where Clause using Procedural Method :
<?php while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($res)){
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", echo "<tr>";
"Mydb"); echo "<td>" . $row['Firstname'] . "</td>";
if($link === false){ echo "<td>" . $row['Lastname'] . "</td>";
die("ERROR:connect.".mysqli_connect_error()); echo "<td>" . $row['Age'] . "</td>";
} echo "</tr>";
}
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Data WHERE
Firstname='ram'"; echo "</table>";
mysqli_free_result($res);
if($res = mysqli_query($link, $sql)){
} else{
if(mysqli_num_rows($res) > 0){
echo "No Matching records are found.";
echo "<table>";
}
echo "<tr>"; } else{
echo "<th>Firstname</th>"; echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ".
echo "<th>Lastname</th>"; mysqli_error($link);
echo "<th>age</th>"; }
mysqli_close($link);
echo "</tr>";
Code Explanation :
1.The “res” variable stores the data that is returned by the
function mysql_query().
2.Everytime mysqli_fetch_array() is invoked, it returns the next row
from the res() set.
3.The while loop is used to loop through all the rows of the table “data”.
 Where Clause using Object Oriented Method :
while($row = $res->fetch_array()){
<?php
echo "<tr>";
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "Mydb");
echo "<td>" . $row['Firstname'] . "</td>";
if($mysqli === false){
echo "<td>" . $row['Lastname'] . "</td>";
die("ERROR: Could not connect. ". $mysqli->connect_error);
echo "<td>" . $row['Age'] . "</td>";
}
echo "</tr>";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Data WHERE Firstname='ram'";
}
if($res = $mysqli->query($sql)){
echo "</table>";
if($res->num_rows > 0){
$res->free();
echo "<table>";
} else{
echo "<tr>";
echo "No matching records are found."; }
echo "<th>Firstname</th>";
} else{
echo "<th>Lastname</th>";
echo "ERROR: Could not execute $sql. ".
echo "<th>Age</th>";
$mysqli->error;
echo "</tr>";
}
•
$mysqli->close();
 Where Clause using PDO Method :
<?php
while($row = $res->fetch()){
try{ echo "<tr>";
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost; dbname=Mydb", echo "<td>" . $row['Firstname'] . "</td>";
"root", "");
echo "<td>" . $row['Lastname'] . "</td>";
$pdo- echo "<td>" . $row['Age'] . "</td>";
>setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE,PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); echo "</tr>";
} catch(PDOException $e){ }
die("ERROR: not connect. ". $e->getMessage()); } echo "</table>";
try{ unset($res);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Data WHERE Firstname='ram'"; } else{
$res = $pdo->query($sql); echo "No records matching are found."; }
if($res->rowCount() > 0){ } catch(PDOException $e){
echo "<table>"; die("ERROR: Could not able to execute
echo "<tr>"; $sql. " . $e->getMessage());
}
echo "<th>Firstname</th>";
unset($pdo);
echo "<th>Lastname</th>"; ?>
echo "<th>Age</th>";
echo "</tr>";
PHP MySQL UPDATE Query
• The MySQL UPDATE query is used to update existing records in a
table in a MySQL database.
• It can be used to update one or more field at the same time.
• It can be used to specify any condition using the WHERE clause.
• Syntax : The basic syntax of the Update Query is –
Implementation of Where Update Query :
• Let us consider the following table “Data” with four columns ‘ID’,
‘FirstName’, ‘LastName’ and ‘Age’.

• To update the “Age” of a person whose “ID” is 201 in the “Data”

table, we can use the following code :
Update Query using Procedural Method

<?php
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "Mydb");

if($link === false){

die("ERROR: Could not connect. ". mysqli_connect_error());
}

$sql = "UPDATE data SET Age='28' WHERE id=201";

if(mysqli_query($link, $sql)){
echo "Record was updated successfully.";
} else {
echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ". mysqli_error($link);
}
mysqli_close($link);
?>
Update Query using Object Oriented Method :
<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "Mydb");
if($mysqli === false){
die("ERROR: Could not connect. ". $mysqli->connect_error);
}
$sql = "UPDATE data SET Age='28' WHERE id=201";
if($mysqli->query($sql) === true){
echo "Records was updated successfully.";
} else{
echo "ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. ". $mysqli->error;
}
$mysqli->close();
?>
Update Query using PDO Method :
<?php
try{
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost; dbname=Mydb", "root", "");
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch(PDOException $e){
die("ERROR: Could not connect. " . $e->getMessage());
}
try{
$sql = "UPDATE data SET Age='28' WHERE id=201";
$pdo->exec($sql);
echo "Records was updated successfully.";
} catch(PDOException $e){
die("ERROR: Could not able to execute $sql. " . $e->getMessage());
}
unset($pdo);
?>
Thank You