Measurements

MEASUREMENTS
• Pressure
• Flow
• Level
• temperature
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Transmitters for measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas are very
common in process and utility applications, since they are used both for
actual pressure and also frequently used in the measurement of level and
flow.
• generally measured in pounds per square inch or in inches of water
column.
• Pressure measurements can also be either simple pressures or differential
pressure.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
• a differential pressure transmitter is a device that measures two opposing pressures in a
pipe or vessel.
• Delta-P or DP is the industry-standard term for the measured differential pressure.
A DP transmitter is a pressure-measuring gauge or an electrical device that uses two
elements to measure the differences of pressure in a sealed container such as a pipe.
DP transmitters will have
– A primary element
– A secondary element
– An electronics housing
PRIMARY & SECONDARY ELEMENT
• The primary element will produce a difference in pressure as the flow in the pipe increases. Different types of primary elements include
– Orifice plates
– Venturi tubes
– Pitot tubes
– Flow nozzles
– Laminar flow elements
– Wedge elements
• The primary element is sometimes called the high side, and the secondary element is
called the low side.
• The secondary element will measure the difference of pressure produced by the primary element as accurately as possible.
• The elements in a DP transmitter will have sealed diaphragms and one of several ways to convert the pressure applied onto the
diaphragms into an electrical signal.
• The elements in a DP transmitter will have sealed diaphragms and one of
several ways to convert the pressure applied onto the diaphragms into an
electrical signal.
• The current output is commonly a 4-20 milliamp signal, or in some cases
a 0 to 5 or a 0 to 10 volt signal.
• he electrical output generated by the DP transmitter electronic module is
linear and proportional to the actual measured Delta-P.
LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
• Float
The most obvious measurement method is to use a float to determine a
liquid level. This method is used in process applications, but possibly its
most important use is in very large tanks with expensive contents. In those
large tank applications it is called tank gauging.
LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
Ultrasonic and radar
• Signal from the top of the tank
• Hits the surface of the material
• Reflects back to the instrument
• Distance to the surface is measured by the transmission time
• Not suitable when there is foam produces in process
• Not suitable for high temperature and pressure or in vacuum
TEMPERATURE
• Thermocouples
They work based on something called the Seebeck effect.
• Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Basically, an RTD is a device that measures temperature by looking at how
much electricity can flow through a wire. An RTD takes advantage of this
fact by measuring the wire’s resistance to electricity and using that to figure
out the temperature.
TIMELINE
Governer-1870-regulate steam pressure via mechanical action

Regulator-1870-adjusted steam flow to a pump based on its
outlet pressure
Pnematic-1900-pnematic sensor, detected flow, level or
pressure, calculated a required change in output, sent a
pneumatic signal to valve
1930-promote a remote display
Electrical signals-1940_1950, improved control response,
increased accuracy, reduced size and reduce maintenance costs
1970-disrributed control systems
3-15 psi, many still operating, interfacing them to a modern
DCS, typically requires for a pressure to current converter.
Standard electrical analogue signal,4-20mA
HART
• Highway addressable remote transducer-1980
• It retains 4-20mA, for measurement and transmits other diagnostic info on the same physical line
via a digital protocol.
• It is the global standard for sending and receiving digital information across analog wires
between smart devices and control or monitoring system or handled communications
• Bidirectional communication protocol provides the data access between intelligent field
instrument and host system.
• it is easy to use and reliable. we can Know the health of field instrument.
• It uses bell 202 frequency shift keying standard to superimpose digital communications signals at
a low level on top of 4-20mA.
CONTROL SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION
• Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

• Piping and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
• The Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is a specialized document that graphically
depicts the key elements of an entire facility or process.
• A PFD is the fundamental representation of a process that schematically depicts the
conversion of raw materials into finished products without delving into the details
of how that conversion occurs.
• A typical PFD shows the product manufactured or treated by the plant, the raw
materials necessary for that product, the by-products produced by the process, the
waste materials that must be disposed of, the basic process pressures, temperatures,
and flows needed to produce the product, and the major equipment needed
P&ID
• Piping And Instrument Diagram (P&ID) Is A Schematic Diagram That
Shows How Equipment And Instruments Connect To Form A Functional
Process System
• The P&ID Is The Chief Control Document For The Engineering Design
Of Petrochemical And Refinery Systems
WHY IS P&ID IMPORTANT?
• Defines Scope
• Specifies Systems
• Identifies Essential Components
• Guides Engineering Design
• Tracks Changes
• Assists Construction
• Trains Operators
P&ID COMPONENTS
• Equipment Is Shown With Symbols That Represent Different Types Of
Equipment
– Columns
– Heat Exchangers
– Pressure Vessels
– Pumps
– Tanks
P&ID COMPONENTS
• Instruments Are Shown With Symbols That Represent Inline Or Attached Devices
That Measure Or Control The Process
– Analyzers
– Control Valves
– Flow Meters
– Local Indicators
– Software Elements
– Transmitters
P&ID COMPONENTS
• Piping Between Equipment Is Shown As Lines With Special Symbols For
Piping Components
– Expansion Joints
– Insulation / Heat Tracing
– Specialty Pipe Items
P&ID COMPONENTS
• Signals Between Instruments Are Also Shown As Lines, Usually Dashed
Or With Special Symbols
– Hard Wired Links
– Hydraulic Connections
– Pneumatic Connections
– Software Links
P&ID TITLE BLOCK
• Client Name And Logo
• Location
• Drawing Subject Information
• Drawing Number
• Revision Number
• Drawing is Typically Issued For Construction As Revision 0 (Zero)
• Any Further Revisions Carry Revision Numbers (1, 2, 3, Etc.)
• General Drafting Information
• Revision Description
Continue…
• First Line:
• Plant Or Unit Or Project
• Second Line: Type Of Drawing
– Piping & Instrument Diagram
– Process Flow Diagram
• Third Line: Process Section Of Plant Or Unit
• Fourth Line: Key Equipment Description
DRAWING NUMBER
• Client Usually Has Specific System For Numbering Drawings
• Typical Drawing Number Format
– Drawing Size Designator
– Plant/Unit/Process Section Designator
– Type Of Drawing Designator
– Sequential Drawing Number
Example:
D-1015-G-00233
• D = Drawing Size (22” X 34”) • 1015 = Unit Number • G = Flow Diagram • 00233 = Sequential Number
STANDARDIZE FORMAT
• Select Meaningful Drawing Titles
• Update Drawing Titles As P&ID Content Changes
• Keep Revision Log Up To Date
• Establish a consistent format for the filename structure to make it easy to read and interpret. For
example: [Plant/Area][Unit/Equipment][Process]_P&ID_Rev[Revision Number].extension
Examples
• PlantA_Unit101_Reactor_Process_P&ID_Rev2.pdf
• AreaB_Equip205_Pump_Discharge_P&ID_2023-07-15.pdf
• PC12345_AreaX_UnitY_Furnace_P&ID_DCN5678_RevC.docx
ISA-5 Documentation Series

Measurements

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MEASUREMENTS

Governer-1870-regulate steam pressure via mechanical action

• Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

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