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Integration Concepts

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9 views28 pages

Integration Concepts

Uploaded by

Ashlie Jane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Concepts /

Formulas
Module 1: Antidifferentiation / Indefinite Integrals
Review:
• If
a. b. c. d.
Find dy/dx if
b. c. d.
• What is the derivative of
a. b.
c. d.

Differentiate
• What is the derivative of ?
a. b. c. d.
Antidifferentiation
• A physicist who knows the velocity of a particle might wish to know
its position at a given time. An engineer who can measure the
variable rate at which water is leaking from a tank wants to know the
amount leaked over a certain time period. A biologist who knows the
rate at which a bacteria population is increasing might want to
deduce what the size of the population will be at some future time. In
each case, the problem is to find a function F whose derivative is a
known function f. If such a function F exists, it is called an
antiderivative of f.
Antiderivative
If Then f(x) = + C is the
If antiderivative of or dx
If

Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the


antiderivative of a FUNCTION.
Indefinite Integral
• An integral which is not having any upper and lower limit is known as
an indefinite integral.
• Mathematically, if F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most
general antiderivative of f(x) is called an indefinite integral and
denoted,
Integrand
Constant of integration

Variable of integration
Integral of f with respect to x
Indefinite Properties
• Property 1: The process of differentiation and integration are inverses
of each other in the sense of the following results:

• Property 2: Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to


the same family of curves, and so they are equivalent.
Indefinite Properties
• Property 3: The integral of the sum of two functions is equal to the
sum of integrals of the given functions,

• For any real value k,


Simple Power Rule

Example 1:

1 ( 12 +1 ) 3
2 3
Example 2: 2𝑥 −2 x 4
¿ − 2∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=−
2
= =− 𝑥 2 +𝐶
1 3 3
+1
2 2
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝟑:∫(𝑥 +3) 𝑑𝑥=∫(𝑥 +6𝑥 +9) 𝑑𝑥=∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥+6∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥+9∫𝑑𝑥
¿
𝑥
4 +1
+
6𝑥
22 42❑ 4 2
2 +1
𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
+9 𝑥= 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 +9 𝑥+ 𝐶
4 +1 2+ 1 𝟓
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝟏:∫ (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
¿2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥−5 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥¿ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− 5 ( −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )+𝐶=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝐶
2
1 1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 ¿𝟐:
3
∫ ∫
𝑐𝑠𝑐
2
3(𝑥𝑑𝑥¿ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
3 3 𝑥
+𝐶 𝑑 𝑥

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
¿∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 ¿¿2𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥¿¿∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥−∫ 𝑑𝑥¿ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥+𝐶
2
Trigonometric Functions
3 3
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟒 : ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

¿3∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥−4∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥¿ − 3 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥− 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝐶


𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓:∫
1
¿∫
𝑑𝑥
1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥=∫
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

¿∫
1 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
¿ ∫ 22 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥

¿∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥


2
Please review definitions of trigonometric
functions and trigonometric identities.
Substitution

TWO WAYS:
1. Recognizing the udu and undu pattern
2. Multiplying and dividing by a constant
Substitution
Example 1:

Example 2:
Substitution

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑:∫ 10sin 10𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑢=10 𝑥 𝑑𝑢=10𝑑𝑥


¿∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢=−cos𝑢+𝐶=−cos10𝑥+𝐶
2
−𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟒 : ∫
2
3
𝑑 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢=𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑢=− 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑢 −1 −1
¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢= +𝐶=
−3 2
2
+𝐶= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝐶
−2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 2
Substitution

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝟓:∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 ¿ ¿4−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢=𝑥 −1𝑑𝑢=4𝑥 dx¿


3 4 4 3

4 1
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 → ∫ (𝑥 ¿¿ 4 − 1) 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ¿
4 3
4 4
5
1 4 1𝑢 1
¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑 𝑢=
5
+𝐶= (𝑥¿¿ 4−1) +𝐶¿
4 45 20
Substitution
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔:∫ 5𝑥 √ 1−2𝑥 𝑑 𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢=1−2𝑥 𝑑𝑢=−6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
23 3 3 2

6 1
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 →− 5( )∫ √ 1 −2 𝑥 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 2
6 6
1 4/3
5 5𝑢 5
¿− ∫ 𝑢 𝑑 𝑢=−
3 4/3
+𝐶= (1 − 2 𝑥 ¿¿ 3) +𝐶 ¿
6 6 4/3 8
Substitution

3 1
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 → ∫ √ 5 𝑥 +3 𝑥 − 8 3 ( 5 𝑥 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 2
3 3
1/2
1 1/ 2 1𝑢 2
¿ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢=
1/2
+𝐶= (5 𝑥¿¿3+3𝑥 −8) +𝐶¿
3 3 1/2 3
Substitution
sin 3 𝑥
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟖 :∫ 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥

3 1
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 → ∫ tan 3 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
3 3
2
1 1𝑢 1
¿ ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢=
2
+𝐶= (tan 3 𝑥) +𝐶
3 3 2 6
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒖+ 𝑪
1 1 𝑑𝑥 1
𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: ∫ 𝑑 𝑥= ∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
5𝑥 2
5 𝑥 5
𝑥
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: ∫ 3
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢=𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑢=3 𝑥 dx
𝑥 −1
2
3 1 3𝑥
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦
3
→
3
∫ 3
𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑢= 𝑙𝑛𝑢+𝐶= 𝑙𝑛(𝑥¿¿ 3−1)+𝐶¿
3 𝑢 3 3
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
( )
2
=∫ ( 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 1 𝑥 +1 1
¿∫
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑥 𝑥
∫
+𝟑 :𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
¿ +𝑙𝑛𝑥 +𝐶
2

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑥+ 1
𝟒 : ∫ ∫ 1+
→ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛=
𝑥−
2
𝑥 −1
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 ( )
¿ 𝑥+ 2 ln ⁡( 𝑥 −1)+ 𝐶
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS

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