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Roots and Affixes
How words are created
Vocabulary • Short vs. longer words • A, an, inextricably and denunciation Simple vs. Complex Words • eat • inexpensive • the • hospitalize • Reader • Room • automobile Word Parts • There are two kinds of word parts: roots and affixes. • A root is a word part that comes from another language, such as Greek or Latin.
• An affix is a word part that can be attached to
either a root or a base word to create a new word. Affixes • Affixes can be divided into three categories: prefixes (appear at the beginning of words) and suffixes (appear at the end of words). Common Prefixes Common Suffixes Bi- two -al adjectival suffix Anti- against -fy verb suffix Inter- between -ic adjectival suffix Pre- before -ion noun suffix Super- above -ism noun suffix Trans- across -ize verb suffix Dis- not -ous adjectival suffix Check it out Roots Affixes
Latin Root: tang, Prefix: in-, meaning
meaning “touch” “not”
Greek Root: chrome, Suffix: -ible, meaning
meaning “color” “able to” Meaning • Decomposition Apply PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX ENGLISH WORD In- + tang + -ible = intangible
Tang is a latin roots meaning “touch”
In- is a prefix meaning “not” -ible is a suffix meaning “able to” Word Families Shared roots: solo, solitary, solitude Root: sol= ? Answer: Alone, can you think of other words in the family? • Solitare • Soloist • Based on your knowledge of the root and the meaning of other words in the same family, try to define the meaning of the above words. • Solitare- a card game played by one person • Soloist- one who performs alone Try one: Words: • Diminish • Diminutive • Minimum
• What do these words have in common?
• Which words do you know? • What do you think the meaning of the root is? Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: ethnicity, ethnic, ethnographer Root: ethn Meaning: ▫ Ocean ▫ Nation ▫ Hesitation Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: maniac, maniacal Root: mania Meaning: ▫ Education ▫ Sanitation ▫ Madness Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: epidermis, dermatology Root: derm Meaning: ▫ Skin ▫ Body ▫ Mind Word Family Practice Questions: • Word Family: laboratory, labor Root: lab Meaning: ▫ Work ▫ Good ▫ Weak Let’s see what you know: • Divide and indivisible are members of the same word family. Which root so they share? A. –vis- B. -visible- C. -div-
• What is the meaning of this root?
A. separate B. shrink C. junk
• What is another member of the same word
family? A. December B. dividend C. invisible The prefix un- The Onion Metaphor Types of Affixes • personal affixes: the suffix -er which forms agent nouns (the ‘doer’ of the action) like writer or runner and the suffix -ee which forms patient nouns (the person the action is done to). • negative and privative affixes: Negative affixes add the meaning ‘not’ to their base; examples in English are the prefixes un-, in-, and non-(unhappy, inattentive, non-functional). Privative affixes mean something • prepositional and relational affixes: Prepositional and relational affixes often convey notions of space and/or time. Examples in English might be prefixes like over- and out- (overfill, overcoat, outrun, outhouse). • quantitative affixes: These are affixes that have something to do with amount. In English we have affixes like -ful (handful, helpful) and multi- (multifaceted). Another example might be the prefix re- that means ‘repeated’ action (reread), which we can consider quantitative if we conceive of a repeated action as being done more than once. • evaluative affixes: Dimunitive vs. augmentative