3

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

III B.TECH II SEM EIE (R18)
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
UNIT – I
REVIEW OF COMPUTER INSTRUMENT
COMMUNICATION

P.Srinivas
Assistant Professor
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Learn the process of collecting information/ data through PC from
real world sources.

 Learn remote and networked data acquisition and operating system.

 Learn programmable logic controllers, and its application

 COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
1. Understand the main functional units in a PC and be able to explain
how they interact. They should know different bus types, and on this
basis be able to distinguish account for different generations of PCs.
2. Understand the basics of PLC and its programming.
3. Apply different PLC functions to applications.
4. Learn the basics of SCADA
 SYLLABUS
UNIT - I
Review of Computer Instrument Communication: Personal Computer, Overview of
operating System, I/O Ports, Plug-in-slots, PCI bus, Operators Interface. Computer
Interfacing for Data Acquisition and Control – Interfacing Input Signals, Output system with
continuous actuators. Data Acquisition and Control using Standard Cards: PC expansion
systems, Plug-in Data Acquisition Boards; Transducer to Control room, Backplane bus –
VXI.
UNIT - II
Programmable logic controller (PLC) basics: Definition, Overview of PLC systems,
input/output modules, Power supplies and Isolators.
Basic PLC programming: Programming On-Off inputs/ outputs. Creating Ladder diagrams,
Basic PLC functions, PLC Basic Functions, register basics, timer functions, counter
functions.
UNIT - III
PLC intermediate and advanced functions: Arithmetic functions, Number
comparison functions, Skip and MCR functions, data move systems. Utilizing
digital bits, sequencer functions, Matrix functions.PLC Advanced functions: Analog
PLC operation, Networking of PLC,
UNIT - IV
Application of PLC: Controlling of Robot using PLC, PID control of continuous
processes, Continuous Bottle-filling system, Batch mixing system, 3-stage air
conditioning system, Automatic frequency control of Induction heating
Related Topics: Alternate programming languages. Auxiliary commands and
functions. PLC installation, troubleshooting and maintenance. Field bus:
Introduction, concept. HART protocol: Method of operation, structure, and
applications. Smart transmitters, smart valves and smart actuators.
UNIT V
Scada Basics: Computer Process interface for Data Acquisition and control – Computer control
loops. – Supervisory Digital Control (SCADA) - introduction and brief history of SCADA –
SCADA Hardware and software – Landlines for SCADA – use of modems in SCADA –
SCADA with LAN
TEXT BOOKS
1. Programmable Logic Controllers – Principles and Applications, John. W. Webb Ronald A
Reis, Fourth edition, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1998.
2. Computer Control of Processes – M. Chidambaram. Narosa 2003
REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers - Gary Dunning Thomson Delmar Learning
Second Edition Second reprint 2003.
2. PC Based Instrumentation and Control Third Edition by Mike Tooley; Elsevier.
3. PC Interfacing and Data Acquisition Techniques for Measurement, Instrumentation and
Control. By Kevin James; Elsevier.
4. Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems by John Park and Steve
Mackay.
5. Programmable Logic Controllers, Second edition, Frank D. Petruzella, Mc Graw Hill, New
York,
1997.
Control
bus
Personal Computer:
PC introduced by IBM, included a feature called open architecture
i.e computer box contains a microprocessor and other support
circuits on a single mother board having several slots
Each slot is a standard connector into a standard bus.This
architecture is called open because IBM made the information
available so that other manufacturers could design circuit boards that
could be plugged into the bus(slots).
Personal Computer:
A computer system mainly consists of four components:
An input device
An output device
Main memory and
A processor

Secondary storage (Floppy disc or hard disc(is often used to

extend the memory capacity
Mother Board:
The main board in the PC , called the mother board , contains
CPU
Maths coprocessor
System Clock
BIOS ROM (Basic Input/Output System Read Only memory)
RAM
Key board controller and
some logic circuit to deal with input/output, interrupts , DMA etc
Microprocessor:
The microprocessor sometimes referred to as a CPU or
Microprocessing Unit (MPU) controls memory and I/O through
series of connections called buses.
A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect
components in computer systems.
The bus may be tracks on a PCB or the wires in a ribbon
cable.
Buses select an I/O or memory device, transfer data
between an I/O device or memory and the microprocessor.
The memory and I/O are controlled through instructions
that are stored in the memory and executed by the µP
Microprocessor:
The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
i. Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
ii. Simple arithmetic and logic operations
iii. Program flow via simple decisions.

The power of µP is in its ability to execute millions of instructions per

second from the software stored in the memory system.
The Memory:
The main memory system is divided into three parts:

i. TPA (Transient Program Area)

ii. System Area

iii. XMS (Extended Memory System)

.
The Memory:
The TPA holds the operating system and other programs that control
the computer system.
The TPA also stores any currently active or
inactive application progams.
The DOS controls the way that the disc memory is
Organized and controlled as well as the function
and control of some of the I/O devices connectd to
The system.
 The free TPA area holds application program.
.
The Memory:
The System Area:
It contains programs on either a ROM or
flash memory and
also area of read memory for data storage.
.
The Memory:
I/O space:
Extends from I/O port 0000H to FFFFH.
An I/O port address is similar to a memory
Address except that instead of addressing
memory,it addresses an I/O device.
OPERATORS INTERFACE
 A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects
two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically
translated into the motion of the pointer (called a cursor) on a display, which
allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.
 MOUSE stands for Manually Operated User Selection Equipment
or Mechanically operated user single engine and is a device which
is attached to a computer system.
 It works as a pointer device for scrolling, dragging, dropping,
selection and many more purposes.
 It is the key to operating all the functions and programs accurately
and smoothly of the system.
 The parts of MOUSE include a left and right button with a wheel
in between and also include a wired or wireless cable with a laser
or LED.
 It allows the movement of the cursor and is movable small
hardware.
 The user can physically move the mouse back and forth
causing the selection item on the screen to change in
accordance with the position of the mouse.
 Once the item desired is selected, the button on the mouse is
pressed and the function is performed. This method is
known as “point and click”
 Another use for the mouse is for drawing.A mouse with a
clear plastic guide plate with cross hairs can be placed on a
picture surface and trace it.This is how a diagram can be
entered into a computer and then modified
 Trackball

A trackball is a pointing device that controls the cursor on

a computer screen by rotating a ball held in a socket with
sensors. Trackballs are used in many laptop keyboards and
older computer mice. They look like an upside-down
mouse with a ball inside, and users can rotate the ball with
their fingers, thumb, or palm.
 A joystick, sometimes called a flight stick, is an input device
consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as
the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of
many civilian and military aircraft, either as a centre stick or
side-stick. It has various switches to control functions of the aircraft
controlled by the Pilot and First Officer of the flight.
Touch Sensor
Touch Sensors are the electronic sensors that can detect touch. They operate as
a switch when touched. These sensors are used in lamps, touch screens of the
mobile, etc… Touch sensors offer an intuitive user interface.

Touch sensors are also known as Tactile sensors. These are simple to design,
low cost and are produced in large scale. With the advance in technology, these
sensors are rapidly replacing the mechanical switches. Based on their functions
there are two types of touch sensors- Capacitive sensor and Resistive sensor
Capacitive sensors work by measuring capacitance and are seen in portable
devices. These are durable, robust and attractive with low cost. Resistive
sensors don’t depend on any electrical properties for operation. These sensors
work by measuring the pressure applied to their surface.
Working Principle of Touch Sensor
Touch sensors work similar to a switch. When they are subjected to touch, pressure
or force they get activated and acts as a closed switch. When the pressure or
contact is removed they act as an open switch.
Capacitive touch sensor contains two parallel conductors with an insulator between
them. These conductors plates act as a capacitor with a capacitance value C0.
When these conductor plates come in contact with our fingers, our finger acts as a
conductive object. Due to this, there will be an uncertain increase in the
capacitance.
A capacitance measuring circuit continuously measures the capacitance C0 of the
sensor. When this circuit detects a change in capacitance it generates a signal.
The resistive touch sensors calculate the pressure applied on the surface to sense
the touch. These sensors contain two conductive films coated with indium tin
oxide, which is a good conductor of electricity, separated by a very small distance
A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a
light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a
computer's cathode-ray tube (CRT) display.
It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on
the screen in a similar way to a touchscreen but with
greater positional accuracy. A light pen can work with
any CRT-based display, but its ability to be used with
LCDs was unclear (though Toshiba and Hitachi displayed
a similar idea at the "Display 2006" show in Japan[1]).
A light pen detects changes in brightness of nearby
screen pixels when scanned by cathode-ray tube electron
beam and communicates the timing of this event to the
computer. Since a CRT scans the entire screen one pixel
at a time, the computer can keep track of the expected
time of scanning various locations on screen by the beam
and infer the pen's position from the latest time stamps.
Computer Interfacing for Data Acquisition and Control
Data Acquisition and Control using Standard Cards