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Nuclear Protection BME

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BIJETA KUNWAR
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32 views41 pages

Nuclear Protection BME

Uploaded by

BIJETA KUNWAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

OF RADIATION PROTECTION
Basic principles of
radiation protection
Basic principles of radiation protection

Justification of practice

Optimization of protection

Individual dose limits


As low as
reasonably
achievable
Primary methods
of radiation protection
Basic methods of protection against
exposure to ionizing radiation

Three basic
factors
• time
• distance
• shielding
Time
Exposure rate Time = Total dose
X
=10mGy/h

1 hour = 10 mGy

2 hours = 20 mGy
Distance
Inverse square law

d=50cm

150 mSv/h
0.06 mSv/h
Penetrating power of radiation
Protection against external
exposure
Shielding photons
Half value layer (HVL)
Internal exposure
Inhalation
Ingestion / Absorption
Protective clothing
and hand washing
Principles of modification
of radiation injury
Dose rate

2,5

1,5

0,5

0 Time
Acute Prolonged exposure
exposure with lower dose rate
with high
dose rate
Dose fractionation

3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
Time

Acute Fractionated
dose dose
Radiation quality

Dq

1-1/e 1-1/e
0,037
D0 D0
B
A

Survival curve for mammalian cells exposed to


high- (A) and low- (B) linear energy transfer radiation
Temperature

 For cell kiling effects, tissues are


more radiosensitive at higher
temperatures

 Chromosome aberrations increase


at lower temperatures (suppression
of repair process)
Oxygen

 Dissolved oxygen in tissues increases


stability and toxicity of free radicals
 Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) is
determined by:
Dose required to cause effect without oxygen
OER =
Dose required to cause effect with oxygen

The OER has a maximum value of 3.0


Radiosensitizing agents

 Halogenated and substituted analogs


of DNA bases:
5-bromo-uracil and 6-thio-guanine
 Electroaffinic compounds:
nitroimidazoles (misonidazole,
nitroimidazole, and nitrofuran)
sensitization enhancement ratio (SER)
of 1.2 to 1.4
Radioprotective agents

Thiols (cysteine, 2-mercaptoethylamine,


cystamine) have dose reduction factor
(DRF) ratio of 1.4 to 2.0
They are thought to protect cells by
 scavenging free radicals;
 producing hypoxia;
 temporarily inhibiting DNA synthesis,
allowing time for the repair enzymes to
complete repair of sublethal damage;
 forming disulphide bonds in proteins,
thereby strengthening them
Principles and methods
of prophylaxis
of external contamination
Decontamınatıon
Decontamination techniques
Solution for skin decontamination
Common soap or detergent solution
for skin and hair; low acidity (pH ~5) recommended
Chelating agents:
– solution of EDTA 10% for skin or hair contamination with
transuranium, rare earth and transition metals
– DTPA 1% in aqueous acid solution (pH ~4) for washing skin
after contamination with transuranics, lanthanides or metals
(cobalt, iron, zinc, manganese)
Potassium permanganate
5% aqueous solution should be used carefully
Hydroxylamine or sodium hyposulfite
5% freshly prepared aqueous solutions

Reducing agents apply after KMn04 or Lugol,


then wash with water
Therapeutic agents
for skin decontamination
Antiphlogistic topical ointment:
– To be applied for fixed contamination,
especially useful for contamination of fingers
Isotonic saline solution for eyes
Isotonic 1.4% bicarbonate solution for
removing uranium from body
Lugol solutions for iodine contamination
Acetic acid solution (pH 4 to 5) or simply
vinegar for decontamination of 32P
Principles and methods
of prophylaxis
of internal contamination
Treatment of internal
contamination

Treatment
procedures:
the sooner started –
the more effective

In practice, initial
treatment decisions
based on accident
history rather than
careful dose estimates
Basic principles of treatment
of internal contamination

Reduce absorption and


internal deposition

Enhance excretion of
absorbed contaminants
Methods of treatment
of internal contamination
- Saturation of target organ, e.g. potassium iodide
for iodine isotopes
- Complex formation at site of entry or in body
fluids followed by rapid excretion, e.g. DTPA for Pu
isotopes
- Acceleration of metabolic cycle of radionuclide
by isotope dilution, e.g. water for 3H
- Precipitation of radionuclide in intestinal lumen
followed by faecal excretion e.g. barium sulphate
administration for 90Sr
- Ion exchange in gastrointestinal tract, e.g.
prussian blue for 137Cs
Application of preparations
of stable iodine

Time before inhalation Time after inhalation

Time after incorporation of iodine-131, hours

Application of KI in tablets allows to prevent the harmful effects of


internal radiation caused inhalation or per os reception of iodine-
131
Diluting agents: water for tritium - 3H
Single exposures are treated by forced
fluid intake:
 Enhanced fluid intake e.g. water, tea,
beer, milk has dual value of diluting tritium
and increasing excretion (accelerated
metabolism)
 Biological half-life of tritium - 10 days
 Forcing fluids to tolerance (3-4 L/day)
reduces biological half-life to 1/3-1/2 of
normal value
Ion exchange: prussian blue for 137Cs

 137Cs - physical half-life Tp=30 years;


biological half-life in adults average
Tb=110 days, in children 1/3 of this
 Prussian blue effective means to reduce
body's uptake of caesium, thallium and
rubidium from the gastrointestinal tract

 Dosage of prussian blue: one gram orally


3 x daily for 3 weeks reduces Tb to about
1/3 normal value
Chelation agents: DTPA for heavy
metals and transuranic elements

 Ca-DTPA is 10 times more effective than Zn-DTPA for


initial chelation of transuranics. Must be given as
soon as possible after accident
 After 24 hours, Ca-DTPA and Zn-DTPA equally
effective
 Repeated dosing of Ca-DTPA can deplete body of zinc
and manganese
 Dosage of Ca-DTPA and Zn-DTPA:
• 1 g iv. or inhalation in a nebulizer
• Initially: 1 g Ca-DTPA, repeat 1 g Zn-DTPA daily up to
five days if bioassay results indicate need for additional
chelation
• Pregnancy: First dose Zn-DTPA instead of Ca-DTPA
Additional chelating agents
Dimercaprol (BAL) forms stable chelates,
and may therefore be used for the treatment
of internal contamination with mercury, lead,
arsenic, gold, bismuth, chromium and nickel

Deferoxamine (DFOA) effective for chelation


of 59Fe

Penicillamine (PCA) chelates with copper,


iron, mercury, lead, gold. Superior to BAL
and Ca-EDTA for removal of copper (Wilson’s
disease)
Summary of lecture
Goal of radiation safety: keep radiation exposure as
low as reasonably achievable

Dose rate and fractionation, radiation quality,


temperature, oxygen and several chemicals can modify
the radiation effect
Attend to life-threatening injuries first
Earlier skin decontamination decreases degree of
beta burns, lowers risk of internal contamination,
reduces chance of further contamination
Goal of internal contamination treatment: decrease
uptake into circulatory system, decrease deposition in
critical organs, increase excretory rate contaminant
THANKS FOR ATTENTION

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