CHAPTER FIVE
GIS DATA
CAPTURE
AND ENTERY
r 15/2024
By Eyob A.(Msc) Ma
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 1
5.1 Concepts about GIS data capture
2
The processes of data collection are also variously
referred to as data capture, data automation, data
conversion, data transfer, data translation, and digitizing.
Two main types of data capture are
I. Primary data sources are those collected in digital
format specifically for use in a GIS project.
II. Secondary sources are digital and analog datasets that
were originally captured for another purpose and need to be
converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS
project.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't
04/05/2024
Cont’d…
3
Data collection is a time consuming, tedious, and
expensive process.
Typically it accounts for 15–50% of the total cost of a
GIS project.
If staff costs are excluded from a GIS budget, then in
cash expenditure terms data collection can be as much
as 60–85% of costs.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
1. Primary GIS data capture
4
Primary vector data capturing techniques are
Using two main branches of ground surveying.
Primary data capture is a direct
data acquisition methodology
that is usually associated with
some type of in-the-field effort.
In the case of vector data,
primary data commonly comes
from a global positioning
system (GPS) or other types of
surveying equipment such as a
total station.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
Cont’d…
5
Ground surveying is based on the principle that the 3-D location of
any point can be determined by measuring angles and distances from
other known points.
Traditional equipment like transits and theodolites have been
replaced by total stations that can measure both angles and
distances to an accuracy of 1 mm.
Ground survey is a very time-consuming and expensive activity, but it
is still the best way to obtain highly accurate point locations.
Typically used for capturing buildings, land and property boundaries,
manholes, and other objects that need to be located accurately.
Also employed to obtain reference marks for use in other data
capture projects. By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't
04/05/2024
COGO data entry
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COGO is a contraction of the term coordinate geometry, a
methodology for capturing and representing geographic data.
COGO uses survey-style bearings and distances to define each
part of an object.
COGO data are very precise measurements and are often
regarded as the only legally acceptable definition of land parcels.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
Primary raster data Capture
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Remote sensing is a technique used to derive information about the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of objects without direct physical contact.
Information is derived from measurements of the amount of electromagnetic
radiation reflected, emitted, or scattered from objects.
Resolution is a key physical characteristic of remote sensing systems. For example
1. Spatial resolution refers to the size of object that can be detected by a given
sensor and the most usual measure is the pixel size.
2. Spectral resolution refers to the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are
measured and recorded by the sensor.
3. Temporal resolution, or repeat cycle, describes the frequency with which images
are collected for the same area.
Photogrammetry is a very cost-effective data capture technique that is
sometimes the only practical method of obtaining detailed topographic
data. By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't
04/05/2024
Primary raster data Capture
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Advantages are
Disadvantages are
Consistency of the
Resolution is often
data.
too coarse.
Availability of
Many sensors are
systematic global
coverage. restricted by cloud
cover.
Regular repeat cycles.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
Secondary data capture
1. Raster data capture using scanners
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Three main reasons to scan hardcopy
• media are Scanner
Documents are scanned to reduce wear
and tear, improve access, provide
integrated database storage, and to
index them geographically.
Film and paper maps, aerial
photographs, and images are scanned
and geo referenced so that they provide
geographic context for other data.
Maps, aerial photographs and images
are scanned prior to vectorization.
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't
Secondary data capture
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2. Secondary Vector data capture
Secondary vector data capture involves digitizing vector objects
from maps and other geographic data sources.
The simplest way to create vectors from raster layers is to
digitize vector objects manually straight off a computer screen
using a mouse or digitizing cursor.
Vectorization is the process of converting raster data into vector
data.
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
Scanning vs Digitizing
Scanning
Most commonly used Digitizing
method when raster data Most common method
is required. of encoding geographic
Accuracy depends on the features from paper
scanner quality maps to vector GIS.
(resolution), quality of May be used for
the image processing extraction of spatial
software used to process features from maps and
the scanned data, and aerial photos.
quality/complexity of Uses a Table Digitizer
source document. which is linked to a
04/05/2024
computer
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 11
Capturing attribute data
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Attributes can be entered by direct data loggers, manual
keyboard entry, optical character recognition (OCR) or, voice
recognition.
An essential requirement for separate data entry is a common
identifier (also called a key) that can be used to relate object
geometry and attributes together following data capture
By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 04/05/2024
General method of data GIS capture
1. Raster Data Acquisition
Scanning
Photogrammetry
Remote sensing
2. Vector Data Acquisition
Manual digitizing
Computer-assisted digitizing
Field surveying
GPS surveying
3. Attribute Data Acquisition
Keyboard entry direct data loggers, manual
keyboard entry, optical character recognition (OCR)
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 13
Data Capturing Process
1. Acquisition – digitizing existing maps, purchasing
ready-made products, collecting new data using field
surveying, GPS, photogrammetry, or remote sensing
2. Editing – cleaning acquired digital data to meet certain
specifications.
3. Formatting/Translating – converting digital data into
the specific physical database format of the GIS.
4. Linking – associating attribute data with the graphical
data.
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 14
5.2. Geo-referencing
Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system
of a digital map or aerial photo can be related to a ground
system of geographic coordinates.
Some it is said to be geometric correction(Geometric
correction is undertaken to avoid geometric distortions.
Geometric distortion means an unwanted “warping” of
the image that distorts the spatial relationship among
objects in the image. It can change the apparent size and
shape of objects and the spacing between them.
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 15
Georeferencing
Geometric correction is undertaken to avoid geometric
distortions.
Internal and external distortions from a distorted image, and
is achieved by establishing the relationship between the
image coordinate system and the geographic coordinate
system measured ground control points.
Internal distortions are caused by sensor, such as lens
distortion, miss arrangement of detectors, variation of
sampling rate etc.
While external distortions are caused by external parameters
other than sensor, including variation of attitude and
position of platform, earth curvature, topographic relief etc.
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 16
Two Methods of G/referencing
1. Using GCP
GCPs are essential to the georeferencing process
because they help to match raster data (such as
scanned maps or satellite imagery) with actual
coordinates of the ground.
2. Image to Image
Image-to-image georeferencing, also known as
image registration or image alignment by using
georeferenced image with raw image.
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 17
END OF CH-5
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH!
DO YOU HAVE
ANY QOESTION?
04/05/2024 By: Eyob A.(Msc) CoE Seng dep't 18
