Unit-03 - Part-2 Filters

Dept : Mech Engg.
Prof.Mrs.Manisha R Kuveskar
# Education with Values Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Polytechnic & Skill Development
UNIT-03 : APPLICATIONS OF
DIODE
Topic : Filters
Prof.Mrs.Manisha R Kuveskar
# Education with Values Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Polytechnic & Skill Development
Block Diagram of a Power Supply Unit
Block Diagram of a Power Supply Unit
Parts of a Power supply
• Transformer − An input transformer for the stepping down of the

230v AC power supply.
• Rectifier − A Rectifier circuit to convert the AC components
present in the signal to DC components.
• Smoothing − A filtering circuit to smoothen the variations present
in the rectified output.
• Regulator − A voltage regulator circuit in order to control the
voltage to a desired output level.
• Load − The load which uses the pure dc output from the
regulated output.
Ripple signal
Need of filter circuit
 The ripple in the rectified output signal denotes the
presence of some AC component.
 This ac component is undesirable and has to be
completely removed in order to get pure dc output.
 So, we need a circuit that smoothens the
rectified output into a pure dc signal.
 That circuit is known as Filter circuit .

Definition
 A filter circuit which removes the ac component present
in the rectified output and allows the dc component to
reach the load.
Filter Circuit :
Filter types
 Filter is mainly classified into two types:
• Active Filter
• Passive Filter
 Active Filters
 Filter Circuit which consists of active components like Transistors
and Op-amps in addition to Resistors and Capacitors is called
as Active Filter.
 Passive Filters
 Filter circuit which consists of passive components such as
Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors is called as Passive Filter.
Components used in filter circuits
 The filter circuit is constructed using two main passive
components:- Inductor and Capacitor.
 An inductor allows dc and blocks ac.
 A capacitor allows ac and blocks dc.

Inductor- L
 The inductive reactance is given by equation:
Inductor- L
 As DC signal has frequency = 0 Hz, XL=2*3.14*0*L=0
 XL=0 Ohms
 Therefore reactance i.e. opposition offered by L to DC signal
is zero, means it allows DC signal and blocks AC signal .

Capacitor -C
 The capacitive reactance is given by equation :
Capacitor -C
 The capacitive reactance is infinite if frequency is Zero,
i.e. DC signal,( B’coz 1/0= infinity).
 It blocks DC signal .
 But it allows AC signal .

Charging and discharging of capacitor
Types of filters
1. Inductor (L) filter
2. Capacitor ( C ) filter
3. L-C filter
4. C-L-C ( pi ) filter
Capacitor filter/ Shunt Capacitor filter
1. Capacitor filter / Shunt capacitor filter
Capacitor filter: Working
 During the positive half cycle:

 During + half cycle of the output voltage capacitor charges to
maximum value of rectifier output voltage .
 Since there is no resistor in charging path of capacitor , its
charging time is very very small. i.e.almost zero.(Charging is
very fast )
 During the Negative half cycle:

 As soon as the negative half supply is reached, the
capacitor ‘C’ discharges all the stored charges through
the output load resistance RL(Load Resistor ) –
Discharge is slow .
 During the Negative half cycle:
 The voltage across capacitor decreases slightly as next

positive cycle arrives as input , and capacitor starts
charging again.
1. Capacitor Filter/ Shunt Capacitor filter
Role of C in filter circuit
Half wave rectifier circuit C filter
HWR Output with Capacitor filter
Full wave rectifier circuit C filter
FWR-Capacitor filter – I/P –O/P waveforms
 Input –output wave forms

Advantages & Disadvantages of C filter
2. Series Inductor Filter
 Filter can be constructed by connecting the

inductor in series, between the rectifier and the
load.
2. Inductor filter/ Series Inductor Filter
 The rectified output when passed through this

filter, the inductor blocks the ac signal
components that are present in the signal, in
order to provide a pure dc.
 This is a simple primary filter.
 An inductor opposes the change in current that flows through it.

(i.e.AC ).
 In other words, the inductor offers high impedance( opposition ) to
the ripples ( ac component )
 and no impedance( no opposition ) to the desired dc components.
 Thus the ripple components will be eliminated with inductor .
 The rectified output when fed to this circuit, the inductor allows
dc components to pass through it, blocking the ac components
in the signal.
 Now, from that signal, few more ac components if any present
are grounded, so that we get a pure dc output.
 This filter is also called as a Choke Input Filter as the input
signal first enters the inductor.
 The output of this filter is a better one than the previous ones.
2. Series Inductor Filter: Wave forms
2. FWR Series Inductor Filter
3. L- C Filter
3. L- C Filter
4. C-L- C Filter
4. π- Filter/ Pi filter
3. L- C Filter
 The rectified output when given to this circuit, the inductor allows dc
components to pass through it, blocking the ac components in the signal.
 Now, from that signal, few more ac components if any present are
grounded so that we get a pure dc output.
 This filter is also called as a Choke Input Filter as the input signal first
enters the inductor.
 The output of this filter is a better one than the C filter and L filter .
4. π- Filter/ Pi filter
 This is type of filter circuit which is very commonly used.
 It has capacitor at its input and hence it is also called as a Capacitor Input Filter.
 In this circuit diagram , two capacitors and one inductor are connected in the form of π
shaped network.
 A capacitor in parallel, then an inductor in series, followed by another capacitor in
parallel makes this circuit.
 If needed, several identical sections can also be added to this, according to the
requirement. The figure below shows a circuit for π filter Pi−filter.

4. C-L- C Filter
Working of a Pi filter
• Capacitor C1 − This filter capacitor offers high reactance to dc and

low reactance to ac signal. After grounding the ac components
present in the signal, the signal passes to the inductor for further
filtration.
• Inductor L − This inductor offers low reactance to dc components,
while blocking the ac components if any got managed to pass,
through the capacitor C1.
Working of a Pi filter
• Capacitor C2 − Now the signal is further smoothened using

this capacitor so that it allows any ac component present in the
signal, which the inductor has failed to block.
 Thus we, get the desired pure dc output at the load.
Advantages of π type
 It has higher DC output voltage at heavy loads.

 It is easy to design.
 It has very low and smallest amount of ripple factor.
 It is easy to design.
 It is useful for low load current i.e. light loads.
Disadvantages of π type
 It needs larger value of input capacitor.

 It requires higher PIV (peak inverse voltage).
 There is a loss of power in inductor.
 Due to use of more filters, it is costlier and bulky.
 It has increased peak diode current.
 It loads the rectifier in case of input capacitor is leaky.
 It needs the choke of higher current rating.
Applications of filter circuits
Applications of Filters
 The applications include:

• Filter Circuits are used to eliminate background Noise
• They are used in Radio tuning to a specific frequency
• Used in Pre-amplification, Equalization, Tone Control in Audio
Systems
• They are also used in Signal Processing Circuits and Data Conversion
• Filter Circuits are extensively used in Medical Electronic Systems
The End ………….

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Dept : Mech Engg.

• Transformer − An input transformer for the stepping down of the

 So, we need a circuit that smoothens the

rectified output into a pure dc signal.

 That circuit is known as Filter circuit .

 The filter circuit is constructed using two main passive

components:- Inductor and Capacitor.

 An inductor allows dc and blocks ac.

 A capacitor allows ac and blocks dc.

 As DC signal has frequency = 0 Hz, XL=2*3.14*0*L=0

 Therefore reactance i.e. opposition offered by L to DC signal

is zero, means it allows DC signal and blocks AC signal .

 The capacitive reactance is infinite if frequency is Zero,

i.e. DC signal,( B’coz 1/0= infinity).

 But it allows AC signal .

 During the positive half cycle:

 During the Negative half cycle:

 The voltage across capacitor decreases slightly as next

 Input –output wave forms

 Filter can be constructed by connecting the

 The rectified output when passed through this

 An inductor opposes the change in current that flows through it.

 This is type of filter circuit which is very commonly used.

 A capacitor in parallel, then an inductor in series, followed by another capacitor in

parallel makes this circuit.

requirement. The figure below shows a circuit for π filter Pi−filter.

• Capacitor C1 − This filter capacitor offers high reactance to dc and

• Capacitor C2 − Now the signal is further smoothened using

 It has higher DC output voltage at heavy loads.

 It needs larger value of input capacitor.

 The applications include:

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 As DC signal has frequency = 0 Hz, XL=23.140*L=0