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Research Design: Vandana PHD Scholar

The document discusses research philosophy, approaches, strategies, and methods. It covers positivism and interpretivism philosophies. Common research approaches include deduction to test theories and induction to build theories. Strategies include experiments, surveys, case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, and action research. The document also discusses time horizons, data collection methods, reliability, validity, and threats to validity.

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113 views19 pages

Research Design: Vandana PHD Scholar

The document discusses research philosophy, approaches, strategies, and methods. It covers positivism and interpretivism philosophies. Common research approaches include deduction to test theories and induction to build theories. Strategies include experiments, surveys, case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, and action research. The document also discusses time horizons, data collection methods, reliability, validity, and threats to validity.

Uploaded by

vandana
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH DESIGN

Vandana Phd scholar

The research process onion

Positivism

Research philosophy

interpretivism

How do you as an individual think of the development of knowledge?


The research philosophy spectrum Characteristics
Positivism - Origin from natural science -law-like generalizations - with the purpose to facilitate repetition the method is highly structured. -Quantifiable observations - The researcher is independent of and neither affects nor is affected by the subject of the research Realism Interpretivism -Is based on the belief that reality exist -Approximately the same but also that there are as social constructivism large-scale social forces-Business take place in a complex environment that affect peoples difficult to generalize perception -Realism share same -There is no objective reality aspect with positivism only subjective reality where as example the view of Its important to understand the participants motives, an external objective nature but in a social action and intentions context

Table: 4,1. Economic Sociology and Mainstream Economics - A Comparison


Concept of the actor Economic Sociology The actor is influenced by other actors and is part of groups and society Many different types of economic action are used, including rational ones; rationality as a variable Economic action are constrained by the scarcity of resources, by the social structure, and by meaning structures Mainstream Economics The actor is uninfluenced by other actors (methodological individualism")

Economic action

All economic action are assumed to be rational; rationality as assumption

Constrains on the action

Economic action are constrained by tastes and by the scarcity of resources including technology

Intellectual tradition

Marx-Weber-Durkheim Schumpeter-Polanyi Parsons/Smelser; the classics are constantly reinterpreted and taught

Smith-Ricardo-Marshall-Keynes Samuelson; the classic belong to the past; emphasis is on current theory and achievements

Source, table 4.1 in my dissertation and its a part of Smelser and Swedberg (1994)

The research process onion

Positivism

Research philosophy

Research approaches

interpretivism

Research approaches
Deduction: Testing theory In which the researcher develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis. Characteristics -Starting out from theory move to data - More like positivism - Explaining casual relationships between variables. For example between annual Income and consumption of luxury goods. - Develop hypothesis and collecting of data. -The use of highly structured methodology with the purpose of replication - The importance of a strictly definition of the measured variables -Researchers have to be independent of what Is being researched -The importance of select sufficient samples In order to generalize findings Induction: Building theory In which the researcher collect data and develop theory as a result of the analysis of the data

Characteristics -Collecting data and generate theory -More like interpretivism - In a research context gaining an understanding of the meanings human attach to events -Normally collection of qualitative data - Flexible structure in order to changes of research emphasis as the research progresses. -Researcher is a part of the research process. -Less concern with the need to generalize

0.25

TRUS_PER
0.86 0.76

EXKN_GUA trust
0.78

0.42

0.15

TRUS_INF

0.92

commit
0.77

0.67

BACK_TEC

0.41

0.55

TRUS_NOR

Chi-Square=6.00, df=4, P-value=0.19939, RMSEA=0.072

The research process onion

Positivism

Research philosophy Research approaches

Experiment

Case study

Research strategies

interpretivism

The need for a clear research strategy


Strategies
Experiment Characteristics
Personally have I newer seen any student Dissertation with the use of experiment Its normally associated with a deductive approach

Survey

Case study

Useful if you wish to gain a rich understanding of the Research and the processes being enacted In grounded theory the theory is developed from data Generated by series of observations. This is not a dominant research strategy in business

Grounded Theory

Ethnography

Action Research

The method concerns of the development of theory

Figure 10.1 A classification of survey methods

Figure 7.1

A classification of qualitative research procedures

Figure 11.1 A classification of experimental designs

The research process onion

Positivism

Research philosophy

Experiment

Research approaches Case study

Research strategies

Time horizons

interpretivism

Time horizons

Cross sectional studies Its a picture of a particular phenomenon/a at a particular time

Longitudinal studies Its which deals with the change Over the period of time

The research process onion

Positivism

Research philosophy

Experiment

Research approaches Case study

Sampling Secondary data Observation Interviews Questionnaires

Research strategies

Time horizons Data collection methods interpretivism

The possibility of getting the wrong answers in a research project emphases the questions of reliability and validity (will will come back to this question later) Reliability 1. Will the measurers yield the same results on other occasions? 2. Will similar observations be reached by other observers? 3. Is there transparency in how sense was made from the raw data Validity Validity is a question of whether you actually succeeded in measuring what You were trying to measure. For example is there a casual relationship between trust and commitment? Can you theoretically prove the causality?

Threats to reliability

Subject or participant error: You have to select the right moment to completed a questionnaire. Easy to say difficult to do

Subject or participant bias: Are the respondents answer truthful?

Observer error: If more than one researcher making, for example; personal interviews the risk for observer error rises (section 9.2)

Observer bias: Here, of course, there may have been different approaches To interpreting the interviews

Examination of validity

McDaniel and Gates (1996) mention a number of different perspectives from which validity can be examined: face validity, content validity, Face validity whereby the researcher judges the question when is designed

Content validity: Is the representative ness of the content of the measurement Instrument or, in other words, the scale provides relevant coverage of the topic studied

2,2. Which attribute do you most value with your present major supplier of water taps. Every question responds individually. 1=not at all important 7=very important That the major supplier 2,2,1. Keep what is promised 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2,2,2. meet our wishes of special adjustment with products.

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