Chapter 1: Introduction

(By:Ashish Singh Rathore)

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition, Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
 Operating System?
Introduction to Operating System : Operating System Meaning, Supervisor & User
Mode, review of computer organization, introduction to popular operating systems
like UNIX, Windows, etc., OS structure, system calls, functions of OS, evolution
of OSs
Process Management : PCB, Operations on Processes, Co-operating and Independent
Processes,Inter-Process Communication, Process states, Operations on processes,
Process management in UNIX, Process concept, Life cycle, Process and threads
 Operating System?
 It is a layer of system software that:
directly has privileged access to underlined
hardware
hides hardware complexity
manages hardware on behalf of one or more
applications.
 What is an Operating System?
 What is an Operating system?
A
program that acts as an intermediate/ interface between a user of
a computer and the computer hardware.
Resource allocator (Managing the resources efficiently)
Control Program

 Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make problem solving easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use
Efficiently use available resources

 An operating system is the one program that is running at all the

times on the computer- usually called the kernel.
 Kernel is a program that (allow) let the hardware to recognize and
read the program/process.
History of Operating system
Electronic device Types of OS
Generation Year
used Devices

First 1945-55 Vacuum Tubes Plug Boards

Second 1955-65 Transistors Batch Systems

Integrated
Third 1965-80 Multiprogramming
Circuits(IC)

Large Scale
Fourth Since 1980 PC
Integration
Storage Structure and Hierarchy
 Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware – provides basic computing resources

 CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of resources among various
applications and users
System/Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solving user problems
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
Users

 People, machines, other computers

Four Components of a Computer System
 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
TYPES OF OS
 Serial Processing
The Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which Performs
all the instructions into a Sequence Manner or the Instructions
those are given by the user will be executed by using the FIFO
Manner means First in First Out. All the Instructions those are
Entered First in the System will be Executed First and the
Instructions those are Entered Later Will be Executed Later. For
Running the Instructions the Program Counter is used which is
used for Executing all the Instructions. In this the Program
Counter will determines which instruction is going to Execute and
the which instruction will be Execute after this. Mainly the Punch
Cards are used for this. In this all the Jobs are firstly Prepared
and Stored on the Card and after that card will be entered in the
System and after that all the Instructions will be executed one by
One. But the Main Problem is that a user doesn’t interact with
the System while he is working on the System, means the user can’t
be able to enter the data for Execution.
 TYPES OF OS
Batch Systems
“Batch operating system. The users of a batch operating system
do not interact with the computer directly.
Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards
and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched
together and run as a group”.

*[https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_types.htm]
 TYPES OF OS: Batch Systems

 There is no direct interaction between user and the computer.

 The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer
operator.
 Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input
device.
 Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirements.

Disadvantages:
 No interaction between user and computer.
 No mechanism to prioritize the processes
 Batch Processing: The Batch Processing is same as the Serial
Processing Technique. But in the Batch Processing Similar Types of
jobs are Firstly Prepared and they are Stored on the Card. and that
card will be Submit to the System for the Processing. The System then
Perform all the Operations on the Instructions one by one. And a user
can’t be Able to specify any input. And OS wills increments his
Program Counter for Executing the Next Instruction.
The Main Problem is that the Jobs those are prepared for
Execution must be the Same Type and if a job requires for any type
of Input then this will not be Possible for the user. And Many Time
will be wasted for Preparing the Batch. The Batch Contains the Jobs
and all those jobs will be executed without the user Intervention. And
Operating System will use the LOAD and RUN Operation. This
will first LOAD the Job from the Card and after that he will
execute the instructions. By using the RUN Command.
 TYPES OF OS: Batch Systems

 The common input devices were card readers and tape drives.
 The common output devices were line printers, tape drives, and
card punches.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq2SE_GbZ34
 Multiprogrammed OS
Multiprogramming: When 2 or more processes reside in
memory at the same time
 Single user processes cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy
at all times
 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU
always has one to execute
 Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor. One
job selected and run via job scheduling
 Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization.
 It is mixture of I/O bound and CPU bound processes
 Multiprogrammed OS
 In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute
one of the jobs from memory.

 Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system

switches to another job (CPU and OS always busy).

 Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs
on disk(Job Pool).
 Multiprogrammed OS
 If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the
system chooses which one to run through the process of
CPU Scheduling.

 In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when

CPU sits idle and does not do any work.

 In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and

keeps on processing.
 Multitasking/Timesharing OS
 Timesharing (multitasking) when multiple jobs are
executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching
between them.
There is at least one program is executing in memory
process
If
several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU
scheduling
If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves
them in and out to run
Only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one
process to another so quickly that it gives the appearance
of executing all of the processes at the same time.
 Multiprocessing OS
 A multiprocessor system consists of several
processors that share a common physical memory.
 Multiprocessor system provides higher computing
power and speed.
 In multiprocessor system all processors operate
under single operating system.
 Multiprocessing OS
 Multi-processor systems; that is, they have multiple
CPU.

 Also known as parallel systems or tightly coupled systems

 Such systems have more than one processor in close

communication, sharing the computer bus, the clock, and
sometimes memory and peripheral devices.
 Distributed Systems
 A network is a communication path between two or more
systems.
 Each system over the network keeps copy of the data,
and this leads to Reliability (Because if one system
crashes , data is not lost).

 CLIENT SERVER SYSTEMS

 PEER TO PEER SYSTEMS
Distributed Means Data is Stored and Processed on
Multiple Locations. When a Data is stored on to the
Multiple Computers, those are placed in Different
Locations. Distributed means In the Network, Network
Collections of Computers are connected with Each other.
Then if we want to Take Some Data From other computer,
Then we uses the Distributed Processing System. And we
can also Insert and Remove the Data from out Location to
another Location. In this Data is shared between many
users. And we can also Access all the Input and Output
Devices are also accessed by Multiple Users.
 Real Time Systems
 Time bound systems
 Real time systems are of 2 types:

 1. Soft Real time Systems: Process should complete in specific

time but May have some delay (Positive delay) and will not harm the
system.
Exp: Session expires but can be re-logged in.

 2. Hard Real Time Systems: Each process is assigned a specific

time instance, and Process must complete in that time otherwise
system will crash.
Real Time Embedded Systems

 is a computing environment that reacts to input within

a specific time period.

 Time Driven

 Task specific

 Exp: Microwave, Washing Machine…

 Operating System Views
OS can be explored from 2 view points:
1. User view:
The goal of the Operating System is to maximize the
work and minimize the effort of the user.
Operating System gives an effect to the user as if the
processor is dealing only with the current task, but in
background processor is dealing with several processes.
 Operating System Views
OS can be explored from 2 view points:
2. System View:
Operating System is a program involved with the hardware.
 OS is a resource allocator
Allocates and Manages all resources and their sharing.
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
 OS is a control program
Controls
execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
Itprevents improper usage, error and handle deadlock
conditions.