 Extends from the lips to

the oropharyngeal
isthmus
• The oropharyngeal
isthmus:
 Is the junction of
mouth and pharynx.
 Is bounded:
 Above by the soft palate
and the palatoglossal
folds
 Below by the dorsum of
the tongue
 Subdivided into Vestibule
& Oral cavity proper
 Slitlike space between the
cheeks or lips and the
gums
 Communicates with the
exterior through the oral
fissure
 When the jaws are
closed, communicates
with the oral cavity
proper behind the 3rd
molar tooth on each side
 Composed of:
 skin
 superficial fascia
 orbicularis oris
 Submucosa
 Mucous membrane

Lymphatics:
Submental
submandibular
 Intervenes between the alveolar processes of
both the jaws
 Extends from the angle of the mouth to the

anterior border of the masseter

 Layers of the cheeks:

1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Buccinator muscle
4. Submucous coat
5. Mucous membrane
 A small papilla on the
mucosa opposite the
upper 2nd molar tooth
marks the opening of
the duct of the parotid
gland
 Lymphatics:
submandibular and
preauricular node
 Anterolaterally: teeth,
gums,and alveolar
arches of jaw
 Roof : hard palate
anteriorly and the soft
palate posteriorly
 Floor :anteriorly
hard
sublingual region
Posteriorly: tongue lies on soft palate
the floor.
Posteriorly communicates
with pharyngeal isthmus

mylohyoid
 Covered with mucous
membrane
 In the midline, a
mucosal fold, the
frenulum, connects the
tongue to the floor of
the mouth
 On each side of frenulum
a small papilla has the
opening of the duct of
the submandibular gland
 A rounded ridge
extending backward &
laterally from the papilla
is produced by the
sublingual gland
o Sensory
 Roof: by greater palatine and nasopalatine
nerves (branches of maxillary nerve)
 Floor: by lingual nerve (branch of mandibular
nerve)
 Cheek: by buccal nerve (branch of mandibular
nerve)

o Motor
 Muscle in the cheek (buccinator) and the lip
(orbicularis oris) are supplied by the branches of
the facial nerve
 Lies in the roof of
the oral cavity
 Has two parts: hard

• Hard (bony)
palate soft palate
anteriorly
• Soft (muscular)
palate
posteriorly
 Lies in the roof of the
oral cavity
 Forms the floor of
the nasal cavity
 Formed by:
• Palatine processes
of maxillae in front
• Horizontal plates of
palatine bones
behind
 Bounded by alveolar
arches
 Posteriorly,
continuous with
soft palate
 Its undersurface
covered by
mucoperiosteum
 Shows transverse
ridges in the
anterior parts
 Attached to the posterior
border of the hard palate
 Covered on its upper and
lower surfaces by mucous
membrane
 Composed of:
• Muscle fibers
• An aponeurosis
• Lymphoid tissue
• Glands
• Blood vessels
• Nerves
 Fibrous sheath
 Attached to posterior
border of hard palate
 Is expanded tendon
of tensor velli
palatini
 Splits to enclose
musculus uvulae
 Gives origin &
insertion to palatine
muscles
 Tensor veli palatini
• Origin: spine of sphenoid; auditory
tube
• Insertion: forms palatine
aponeurosis
• Action: Tenses soft palate
 Levator veli palatini
• Origin:petrous temporal bone,
auditory tube, palatine
aponeurosis
• Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
• Action: Raises soft palate
 Musculus uvulae
• Origin: posterior border of hard
palate
• Insertion: mucosa of uvula
• Action: Elevates uvula
 Palatoglossus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: side of tongue
• Action: pulls root of tongue
upward, narrowing
oropharyngeal isthmus

 Palatopharyngeus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: posterior border
of thyroid cartilage
• Action: Elevates wall of the
pharynx
 Mostly by the
maxillary nerve
through its
branches:
• Greater palatine
nerve
• Lesser palatine nerve
• Nasopalatine nerve
 Glossopharyngeal
nerve supplies the
region of the soft
palate
 All the muscles, except tensor veli
palatini, are supplied by the:
• Pharyngeal plexus

 Tensor veli palatini supplied by the:

• a branch of the mandibular division of
the trigeminal nerve
 Branches of the maxillary
artery
• Greater palatine
• Lesser palatine
• Sphenopalatine
 Ascending palatine,
branch of the facial
artery
 Ascending pharyngeal,
branch of the external
carotid artery
 Lymphatics :
upper deep cervical
retropharyngeal lymph
node
 Cleft palate:
• Unilateral
• Bilateral
• Median
 Paralysis of the soft
palate Pharyngeal
isthmus
• The pharyngeal
isthmus can not be
closed during
swallowing and
speech
 Divided into right and left
halves by a median
septum
 Three parts:
root,tip and body
• Oral (anterior ⅔)
• Pharyngeal (posterior
⅓)

 Two surfaces:
• Dorsal
• Ventral
 The apex of the sulcus
faces backward and is
marked by a pit called
the foramen cecum
 Foramen cecum, an
embryological remnant,
marks the site of the
upper end of the
thyroglossal duct
 Anterior two third:
mucosa is rough, shows
three types of papillae:
 Filliform
 Fungiform
 Vallate
 Posterior one third: No
papillae but shows
nodular surface
because of underlying
lymphatic nodules, the
lingual tonsils
 Smooth (no papillae)
 In the midline
anteriorly, a mucosal
fold, frenulum
connects the tongue
with the floor of the
mouth
 Lateral to frenulum,
deep lingual vein can
be seen through the
mucosa
 Lateral to lingual vein,
a fold of mucosa forms
the plica fimbriata
 The tongue is
composed of two
types of muscles:
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
 Confined to tongue
 No bony attachment
 Consist of:
• Superior
Longitudinal
• Inferior longitudinal
• Transverse fibers
• Vertical fibers
 Function: Alter the
shape of the tongue
 Connect the tongue to
the surrounding
structures: the soft
palate and the bones
(mandible, hyoid
bone, styloid process)
 Include:
• Palatoglossus
• Genioglossus
• Hyoglossus
• Styloglossus
 Function: Help in
movements of the
tongue
 Anterior ⅔:
• General sensations:
Lingual nerve
• Special sensations :
chorda tympani
 Posterior ⅓:
• General & special
sensations:
glossopharyngeal nerve
 Base:
• General & special
sensations: internal
laryngeal nerve
 Intrinsic muscles:
 Hypoglossal nerve

 Extrinsic muscles:
 All supplied by the
hypoglossal nerve,
except the
palatoglossus
 The palatoglossus
supplied by the
pharyngeal plexus
 Arteries:
 Lingual artery Lingual Dorsal lingual
artery & vein artery & vein

 Tonsillar branch of
facial artery
 Ascending
pharyngeal artery
 Veins:
 Lingual vein,
ultimately drains Hypoglossal
Deep lingual
vein
into the internal nerve

jugular vein
 Tip:
• Submental nodes
bilaterally & then
deep cervical nodes

 Anterior two third:

• Submandibular
unilaterally & then
deep cervical nodes

 Posterior third:
• Deep cervical nodes
(jugulo-omohyoid
mainly)
 The tonge is the most important
articulator for speech
production. During speech, the
tongue can make amazing range
of movements
 The primary function of the

tongue is to provide a
mechanism for taste. Taste buds
are located on different areas of
the tongue, but are generally
found around the edges. They
are sensitive to
four main tastes:
Bitter, Sour,
Salty & Sweet
 The tongue is needed for
chewing, swallowing,
eating, drinking, sweeping
the mouth for food debris
and other particles and for
making funny faces
 Trumpeters and horn &
flute players have very well
developed tongue muscles,
and are able to perform
rapid, controlled
movements or articulations
 Lacerations of the
tongue
 Tongue-Tie
(ankyloglossia) (due
to large frenulum)
 Lesion of the
hypoglossal nerve
• The protruded tongue
deviates toward the
side of the lesion
• Tongue is atrophied &
wrinkled
‘If there is goodness in your heart,
it will come to your tongue’.
LOVE NATURE

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