CHAPTER I

Introduction
Here is where your research
begins
Contents of This Presentation

COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER
I
GUIDELINES IN
CONSTRUCTING
COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER
I
Components of Chapter I- THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
01 02 Statement of the Problem
and Objectives

Theoretical
Hypothesis
03 04 Framework
Components of Chapter I- THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

05 06
Conceptual Significance of the
Framework Study

Scope and Limitation

of the Study 07 08 Definition of Terms
01

INTRODUCTION
WAY TO START
01 Introduction
Describe the existing and
prevailing problem situation based
on his/her experience.

Give strong justification for

selecting such research problem in
his/her capacity as a researcher.

Link and relate the background of

the study to the proposed research
problem.
 SUBJECT

The introduction discusses the four relevant ideas.

01 02
define and elaborate using IMPORTANCE OF THE
methods of paragraph TOPIC
development like classification cite the role that the topic
and giving examples. plays in your life and the
benefits you derive from it

REASONS FOR PURPOSE OF THE

CHOOSING THE TOPIC
emphasized what 03 04 STUDY
discusses the objective of
motivated you to choose
the study
the topic.
THE INTRODUCTION SHOULD ADDRESS THE FF.

Create reader Place the study Reach out to a

interest in the within the larger specific
topic and context of the audience
establish the scholarly literature;
problem that
leads to the study.
 ● A quantitative introduction
typically is written from the third
person point of view.
● This helps create a sense of
objectivity.
● In a qualitative study, research may
employ a present tense to
communicate immediate, or direct
action.
● Telling the reader a story, set the
stage for a need of your research.
 How To Write?

The intention of the 1st

paragraph is to provide the
readers a mental warm-up, thus
giving them information and
readiness as to what the research
is all about. It should introduce
the study and justify the problem.
 How To Write?
The 2nd paragraph carries the bulk of the
introduction. The statement of the problem can
best be used as a frame of reference to write
this paragraph. It is simply telling the readers
the scope and coverage of the study. This will
help revolve around mentioning the purpose of
the study, which is to determine the existing or
not existing between the independent and
dependent variable.
 How To Write?
The 3rd or last paragraph is a sort of
closing portion that is intriguing and
challenging the readers to become
interested in knowing the results of the
study. It is one or two sentences to link
between the introduction and the statement
of the problem.

This part is a 2-3 page discussion.

Example
03

HYPOTHESIS
ANY WILD GUESS?
03 HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a

research question, it can be derived 
● From the observation before the
research is conducted. This is called
inductive hypothesis.
● From the theory. This is called
deductive hypothesis.
03 HYPOTHESIS
● There are two types of hypothesis.
These are null hypothesis (H0) and
alternative hypothesis (H1). These
are stated in declarative sentence
form and are always based from the
specific problems or objectives.
03 HYPOTHESIS
● The null hypothesis (H0) is a denial of an
existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value,
correlation or difference of the result. Null
hypothesis (H0) is always stated in negative form.
● In contrast, the alternative hypothesis (H1) is the
opposite extreme of the null hypothesis because
the former is stated in positive form. It is an
affirmation of the existence of observed
phenomena.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A “GOOD”
HYPOTHESIS (Ariola, 2006)

It clearly states what

and how variables are It is testable.
used.

It clearly determines
It determines the the significance of the
purpose of the relationship or
study. difference of sets of
variables.
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS

Theoretical Observation
Framework and
experiences

1 2 3 4

Problem Related
Statement Literature
 EXAMPLES

● (H0) There is no significant difference

between cow manure fertilizer and
commercialized fertilizer in terms of
growth of okra plants.
● (H1) There is significant difference
between cow manure fertilizer and
commercialized fertilizer in terms of
growth of okra plants
 (an example, portion only)

EFFECT OF C2G2 (Chili, Coconut oil, Garlic and Ginger)

AS EXTERNAL BODY ANALGESIC
Rachelle Maiden N. Calitang
OMNC • 2009

Hypothesis

This investigation tested

the null hypothesis that the effect of
C2G2 as external body analgesic is
not comparable to the commercially-
available analgesic.
04

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
LOOKING FOR A GREAT
FOUNDATION
 THEORETICAL
04 FRAMEWORK

This is the foundation of the

research study. These are
highly related theories and
principles that were established
and proven by authorities .
 THEORETICAL
04 FRAMEWORK

It refers to the set of

interrelated construct,
definitions, and
prepositions that presents a
systematic view of
phenomena.
 THEORETICAL
04 FRAMEWORK

It is an organized body that

explains what has been
done and what has been
said on the topic or problem
being investigated.
Theoretical framework is a symbolic
construction which uses abstract
concepts, facts or laws, variables, and
their relations that explain and predict
how an observed phenomenon exists
and operates. Researcher is required
to formulate existing theories which
link the study because theories are
useful device for interpreting,
criticizing, and unifying established
scientific laws or facts that guide in
discovering new generalizations.
What must be obtained from a theory?

the part or parts of

The name/s of
the theory that are
author/s of the theory relevant to your
must be taken study
including the place
and the time / year
when he or she synthesis by relating
to your findings.
postulated such a
principle or
generalization.
 HOW TO WRITE?
Focus on one or more theories that leads to build
particular theory, by testing and validating it in
other settings. Modify or reconstruct the theory
into new general framework containing the
variables and relationships for the purposes of the
research. Cite the theory that will be used by:
Giving the assumptions, Defining terms-concepts,
Identifying the variables, Stating the relationship
of variables and presenting hypothesis.
05

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
GETTING INTO THE
CONCEPTS
 CONCEPTUAL
05 FRAMEWORK

● a tentative explanation or theoretical

explanation of the phenomenon or problem and
serves as the basis for the formulation research
hypotheses.
● consists of the investigator’s own position on a
problem after his exposure to various theories
that have bearing on the problem
● The conceptual framework becomes the central
theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study. It
serves as a guide in conducting investigation.
 PARADIGM
A paradigm is a diagrammatic
representation of a conceptual
framework. It depicts in a more
vivid way what the conceptual
framework wants to convey.
The Context Input Process
Product Model (CIPP)
Inputs- Process /Throughputs-
Outputs Model (IPO).
Combined Variables model (CVM)
Interactional System Model (ISM).
 How To Write?
Visible indicators or the variable- concepts.
Scheme of measuring the variables.
Concentrates on the specific stipulative and
operational definition of concepts and
variable with respect to the particular
research problem Stating approach: (a)
theories used, (b) discipline or field of
knowledge, and (c) the data-analysis
technique employed.
06

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
Let's get into your rationale
06 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The rationale, timeliness

and/or relevance of the
study to existing
conditions must be
explained or discussed.
06 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 Who are to be benefited and how
they are going to be benefited. It
must be shown who are the
individuals, groups, or communities
who may be placed in a more
advantageous position on account of
the study.  Possible contribution to
the fund of knowledge.
06 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Possible implications. It should be
discussed here that the implications
include the possible causes of the
problems discovered, the possible
effects of the problems, and the
remedial measures to solve the
problems.
• contributions of the study to the body of knowledge
• it discusses the importance of the study to…
 the society
 the country
 the government
 the community
 the institution
 the agency concerned
 the researchers

• It expounds on the study’s probable impact to education,

science, technology, on-going researchers and etc
 How To Write?
The rationale, timeliness and or
relevant of the study to existing
conditions must be explained or
discussed. It must be shown who are
the individuals, groups, or
communities who may be placed in a
more advantageous position on
account of the study.
 How To Write?
Possible contribution to be a fount of
knowledge. It should discuss the
implications, including the possible causes
of the problems discovered, the positive
effects of the problem, and the remedial
measures to solve the problem. Possible
solutions to existing problems or
improvements to unsatisfactory
conditions.
 EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF YAM FLOUR
(Dioscorea alata) IN THE QUALITY OF
FLAT NOODLES

Mark John L. Pajarillo

March 2010 •OMSC-Murtha

(an example, portion only)

This study is both relevant and timely as it

offers many benefits to a number of people and
organizations….for potential livelihood…OMSC might
consider this as one of its products.
07

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF

THE STUDY
Tell me the coverage.
07 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
• Explains the nature, coverage, and time frame
of the study.
• It presents in brief the subject area of
investigation, the place, the time period, or
school year covered.
• It discusses the variables included in the study
and the exclusion of other variables which are
expected to be included.
• It indicates the extent of capability of results
arising from the sampling population.
07 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
• The scope and delimitations should
include the following:
• A brief statement of the general
purpose of the study.
• The subject matter and topics studied
and discussed. 
• The locale of the study, where the data
will be gathered or the entity to which
the data belong.
07 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
• The population or universe from
which the respondents were
selected. This must be large
enough to make generalizations
significant. 
• The period of the study. This is
the time, either months or years,
during which the data were
 How To Write? (Scope)
Identifies the boundaries or coverage of
the study in terms of subjects, objectives,
facilities, area, time frame, and the issue
to which the research is focused. Common
phrases used: “The study will focus on…”
“The coverage of this study…” “The
study covers the…” “The study focuses
on…” “It includes…” “It is concerned
with…” “It also involves the…” “The
study consists of…”
How To Write? (Limitation)
Defines the constrains or weaknesses,
which are not within the control of the
researcher, therefore, they are not
expected to be covered on the study.
Common phrases used: “The study is
limited to…” “The study does not cover
the…” “The investigator limited this
research to…” “It does not seek to
include…”
EXAMPLE
 (an example, portion only)

EFFECT OF C2G2 (Chili, Coconut oil, Garlic and Ginger)

AS EXTERNAL BODY ANALGESIC

Rachelle Maiden N. Calitang

OMNC • 2009

Scope and the Limitation of the study

This study was conducted in San Jose and Magsaysay on September 03-
10, 2009.This was limited on the effects of formulated C2G2 as external body
analgesic. The parameters of this study, which are indicators of the quality of effects,
are the degree of hotness, duration of hotness, feeling of pain relief, texture,
appearance, and odor.

No laboratory analysis was done. The study is limited only to the effects
that are rated by the respondents using their senses. The findings are based only on
the ratings made by the respondents.
08

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Terms that are familiar or seems
to be unfamiliar
 This is the last section of a thesis,
dissertation, and research paper in
Chapter 1. Thesis and dissertation do
not include this section of the study if
there are more than fifteen terms
defined because this part is for the
glossary. In this section of Chapter 1,
the key terms are defined clearly.
07
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Terms which connote different
meaning from the conceptual or
dictionary definitions
● should be operationally defined
● arranged in alphabetical order
● should be stated in complete
sentences.
07
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Only terms, words, or phrases which have
special or unique meanings in the study
are defined. 
● Terms should be defined operationally,
that is how they are used in the study.
● The researcher may develop his own
definition from the characteristics of the
term defined.
 WAYS OF DEFINING

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
The definition is based on concepts or
hypothetic ones which are usually taken
from dictionary, encyclopedia, and
published journals.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
The definition is based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the
study.
 HOW TO WRITE

Define those terms, which, though

common may have a special specific
meaning or are differently used.
Define some special terms or
languages created by some
disciplines. This applies as well to
terms familiar in one discipline and
borrowed or transformed by another
discipline.
 HOW TO WRITE

Complicated and lengthy

definitions like those
required in mathematics or
science, should be placed in
an appendix.
Acronyms should always be
spelled out fully.
 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
[email protected]

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