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General Overview of Oracle Database

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General Overview of Oracle Database

Uploaded by

kwakutse20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Overview of Oracle Database

Instance versus Database


• A database is an organized collection of structured information, or
data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database
is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS).
• An instance is a set of memory structures and background processes
used to tap in to a database
• Can be started and stopped independently

MEMORY STRUCTURES + BACKGROUND PROCESSES = INSTANCE


Oracle Database Architecture: Overview
Instance

SMON PMON RECO Others

SGA
Shared pool
Library
Database cache
Redo log
buffer
buffer
cache Data dictionary
cache

Server
DBWn CKPT LGWR ARCn
process

User Archived
process Control Online redo log files
Data files files log files
Database
• System Global Area (SGA): Group of shared memory
structures, known as SGA
components, that contain data and control information for
one Oracle Database instance.

• Database buffer cache: Caches blocks of data retrieved


from the database

• Redo log buffer: Caches redo information (used for


instance recovery) until it can be written to the physical
redo log files stored on the disk

• Shared pool: in oracle contains cache information that


collects, parses, interprets and executes SQL statements
that goes against database
Process Structures
The background processes
• Database writer process (DBWn)
• Log writer process (LGWR)
• Checkpoint process (CKPT)
• System Monitor process (SMON)
• Process monitor process (PMON)
• Archiver processes (ARCn)
Physical and logical database structure
DB structures

Database Storage Architecture


- Memory
- Process
 Storage

Control files Data files Online redo log files

Parameter file Archived redo log files

Password file Alert log and trace files


Database Storage Architecture

The files that constitute an Oracle database are organized into the
following:
Control files: Contain data about the database itself (that is, physical database
structure information). These files are critical to the database. Without them, you
cannot open data files to access the data in the database.

Data files: Contain the user or application data of the database, as well as metadata
and the data dictionary

Online redo log files: Allow for instance recovery of the database. If the database
server crashes and does not lose any data files, the instance can recover the database
with the information in these files.
Parameter file: Is used to define how the instance is configured when it
starts up

Password file: Allows sysdba, sysoper, and sysasm to connect


remotely to the database and perform administrative tasks

Archived redo log files: Contain an ongoing history of the data changes
(redo) that are generated by the instance. Using these files and a backup of
the database, you can recover a lost data file. That is, archive logs enable the
recovery of restored data files.
Logical and Physical Database Structures
Logical Physical

Database

Schema Tablespace Data file

Segment

Extent

Oracle data
OS block
block
Tablespaces and Data Files
• Tablespaces consist of one or more data files.
• Data files belong to only one tablespace.

Data file 1 Data file 2

USERS tablespace
Tablespaces and Data Files
• The Oracle database stores data logically in
tablespaces and physically in data files.
• Tablespaces:
• Can belong to only one database
• Consist of one or more data files
• Are further divided into logical units of storage
• Data files:
• Can belong to only one Database
tablespace and one database Tablespace
• Are a repository for schema
object data
Data files
Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance:
OPEN
OPEN
STARTUP All files opened as
described by the control
MOUNT file for this instance

Control file
opened for this
NOMOUNT instance

Instance
started
SHUTDOWN
Startup Options: Examples
SQL> startup 1

SQL> startup nomount 2

SQL> alter database mount; 3

SQL> alter database open; 4


Shutdown Modes
Shutdown Mode A I T N

Allows new connections No No No No

Waits until current sessions end No No No Yes

Waits until current transactions end No No Yes Yes

Forces a checkpoint and closes files No Yes Yes Yes

Shutdown modes:
• A = ABORT
• I = IMMEDIATE
• T = TRANSACTIONAL
• N = NORMAL
Using SQL*Plus
to Start Up and Shut Down
[oracle@EDRSR9P1 oracle]$ sqlplus dba1/oracle as sysdba

SQL> shutdown immediate


Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 285212672 bytes


Fixed Size 1218472 bytes
Variable Size 250177624 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 262144 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>
ASM and RAC CONCEPTS
Automatic Storage Management
• Is a portable and high-performance
cluster file system
• Manages Oracle database files
Application
• Spreads data across disks
to balance load
Database
• Mirrors data
File
• Solves storage-management system
challenges Volume
ASM
manager

Operating system
What is RAC?
• Multiple instances running on separate servers (nodes)
• Single database on shared storage accessible to all nodes
• Instances exchange information over an interconnect network

Interconnect
Instance 1 Instance 2

Node 1 Node 2

Shared
Storage
19
• OCR (Oracle Cluster Registry) – resides on shared storage and maintains
information about cluster configuration and information about cluster
database. OCR contains information like which database instances run on
which nodes and which services runs on which database.
• Voting Disk – is file that resides on shared storage and Manages cluster
members. Voting disk reassigns cluster ownership between the nodes in
case of failure.
• Diskgroup –

• VIP -virtual IP
• Interconnect - Instances communicate with each other over the
interconnect (network)
• SCAN Ips
• SCAN – Single Client Access Name
Cluster commands
• Crsctl stat res –t
• Crsctl start/stop cluster

ASM commands
• Asmcmd lsdg
• Asmcmd mount all
• Asmcmd umount all
RMAN backups
Using the RMAN Command Line
1 $ rman target /
2 RMAN> CONFIGURE …
3 RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;

Copies of

Control
Control Archived log
Data files files file SPFILE
file

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