Impulse Momentum Theorem

Impulse and
Momentum
Impulse and
Momentum
Impulse and momentum play
important roles in sports.
Bowling
Baseball
Tennis
Soccer
Karate
Foot ball
Golf
Impulse, J
The impulse J of a force is the product of the average force and
the time interval t during which the force acts:
Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the

average force.
SI Unit of Impulse: newton · second = (N · s)
Momentum, p
The linear momentum p of an object is the product of the
object’s mass m and velocity v:
Linear momentum is a vector quantity that points in the

same direction as the velocity.
SI Unit of Linear Momentum:
kilogram · meter/second = (kg · m/s)
Hitting a baseball
Hitting a baseball
Hitting a baseball
Q: How can we determine the impulse?

Hitting a baseball

Method-1: Knowing the average force ( ) and contact time (Δt),
Impulse = J  F  t
Hitting a baseball

Method-1: Knowing the average force ( ) and contact time (Δt),
Impulse = J  F  t
Method-2: Impulse = Area under the Force versus Time graph.
IMPULSE–MOMENTUM
THEOREM
When a net force acts on an object, the
impulse of the net force is equal to the
change in momentum of the object:
Derivation of the Impulse-
Momentum theorem
Hailstones Versus
Raindrops
Unlike rain, hail usually does not come to rest after striking a
surface. Instead, the hailstones bounce off the roof of the car. If hail
fell instead of rain, would the force on the roof be smaller than,
equal to, or greater?
Hailstones Versus
Raindrops
Unlike rain, hail usually does not come to rest after striking a
surface. Instead, the hailstones bounce off the roof of the car. If hail
fell instead of rain, would the force on the roof be smaller than,
equal to, or greater?
Answer: Greater
Example
A baseball (m = 0.14 kg) has an initial velocity of v0 = –38 m/s
as it approaches a bat. We have chosen the direction of
approach as the negative direction. The bat applies an average
force that is much larger than the weight of the ball, and the
ball departs from the bat with a final velocity of vf = +38 m/s.
Determine the impulse applied to the ball by the bat.
Definitions of Terms
Internal forces Forces that the objects

within the system exert on each other.
External forces Forces exerted on the
objects by agents that are external to the
system.
An isolated system is one for which the
vector sum of the external forces acting on
the system is zero.
7.2 The Principle of
Conservation of Linear
Momentum
The total linear momentum of an isolated
system remains constant (is conserved).
m1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2
before after
EXAMPLE 5
Assembling a Freight Train
A freight train is being assembled in a switching yard, and
Figure 7.10 shows two boxcars. Car 1 has a mass of m1 =
65×103 kg and moves at a velocity of v01 = +0.80 m/s. Car 2,
with a mass of m2 = 92×103 kg and a velocity of v02 = +1.3
m/s, overtakes car 1 and couples to it. Neglecting friction, find
the common velocity vf of the cars after they become coupled.
before after
m1 65×103 kg m1 65×103 kg
v1 +0.80 m/s v1
m2 92×103 kg m2 92×103 kg
v2 +1.3 m/s v2
m1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
before after
m1 65×103 kg m1 65×103 kg
v1 +0.80 m/s v1
m2 92×103 kg m2 92×103 kg
v2 +1.3 m/s v2
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2 before after
m1 65×103 kg m1 65×103 kg
v1 +0.80 m/s v1
m2 92×103 kg m2 92×103 kg
v2 +1.3 m/s v2
65×103 kg+ 92×103 kg
157000
157000
EXAMPLE 6 Ice Skaters
Starting from rest, two skaters “push off” against each other
on smooth level ice, where friction is negligible. As Figure
7.11a shows, one is a woman (m1 = 54 kg), and one is a
man (m2 = 88 kg). Part b of the drawing shows that the
woman moves away with a velocity of vf1 = +2.5 m/s. Find
the “recoil” velocity vf2 of the man.
m1(0) + m2(0) = m1v1 + m2v2
m2 m2
88 kg
Collisions
Collisions are often classified according to whether the total kinetic
energy changes during the collision:
1.Elastic collision—One in which the total kinetic energy of the
system after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy before
the collision.
2.Inelastic collision—One in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision; if the objects
stick together after colliding, the collision is said to be completely
inelastic.
Collisions in One
Dimension
1. Apply the conservation of momentum.

2. If the collision is elastic, apply the conservation of energy.

Impulse Momentum Theorem

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Impulse and

Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the

Linear momentum is a vector quantity that points in the

Q: How can we determine the impulse?

Q: How can we determine the impulse?

Q: How can we determine the impulse?

Internal forces Forces that the objects

65×103 kg+ 92×103 kg

1. Apply the conservation of momentum.

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