THE CONCEPT OF

SOCIETY
Presented by:
Bryle John Valentin
Charlene Mae Agbisit
Ezekiel Ullero
 MEANING AND NATURE OF SOCIETY

According to sociologist, a society is a group of people with common

territory, interaction, and culture. Arcinas (2016) in his book, UCSP
defined society as group of people who share a common territory and
culture. It is a group of people living together in a define territory,
having a sense of belongingness, mutually interdependent of each
other, and follow a certain way of life.
 MEANING AND NATURE OF SOCIETY

• Society is derived from the Latin term “societas” , from

socius, which means companion or associate. Thus, it refers
to all people, collectively regarded as constituting a
community of related, interdependent individuals living in a
define place, following a certain mode of life (Ariola, 2012)
 SOCIETY

Two types of definition:

• Functional – society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting
upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each
person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows.
• Structural – society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores, and institutions; of habits,
sentiments and ideals.
The important aspect of society is the system of relationship, the pattern of the norms of
interaction by which the members of the society maintain themselves.
 THE FOLLOWING ARE REASONS PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER AS A SOCIETY (ARIOLA, 2012)

• For Survival – No man is an island. No man can live alone. From birth to death, man always
depends upon his parents and from others. The care, support, and protection given by them are
important factors for survival.
• Feeling of gregariousness – This is the desire of people to be with other people,especially of
their own culture. People flock together for emotional warmth and belongingness. The need for
approval, sympathy and understanding to which the individual belongs is a psychological need.
Among Filipinos, the feeling of gregariousness is found in all levels of society; especially among
the lower socioeconomic classes. The more the person is needy, the more he craves sympathy
and understanding from someone else.
THE FOLLOWING ARE REASONS PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER AS A SOCIETY (ARIOLA, 2012)

• Specialization – Teachers, businessmen, students,

physicians, nurses, lawyers, pharmacists, and other
professionaals organize themselves into societies or
associations to promote and protect their own professions.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

Society or human society is a group of people related to each

other through persistent relations such as kinship, marriage,
social status, rols and social network. By extension, society
denotes the people of a region or country, sometimes even the
world, takes as a whole.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

1. It is a social system . A social system consists of individuals interacting with

each other. A system consists of sub-parts whereby a change in one part affects
the other parts. Thus, a change in one group of individuals will affect the
stability of the other parts of the system.
2. It is relatively large. The people must be socially itegrated to be considered
relatively large than if the people are individually scattered. Thus, the people in
a family, clan, tribe, neighborhood, community are socially integrated to be
relatively large in scope.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

3. It socializes its members and from those from without. Since most of society’s
members are bron to it, they are taught the basic norms and expectations. Those who
come from other societies, before being accepted as functioning members, are
socialized and taught the basic norms and expectations of the society.
4. Ir endures, produces and sustains its members for genrations. For society to
survive, it must have the ability to produce, endure and sustain its new members for at
least several generations. For instance, if a society cannot assist its members during
their extreme conditions of hunger and poverty, that society will not survive long.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

5. It holds its members through a common culture. The individuals ib

a society are held together because that society has symbols, norms,
values, patterns of interaction, vision and mission that are commonly
shared by the members of such society.
6. It has clearly-defined geographical territory. The members in a
society must live in a certain specific habitat or place and have a
common belongingness and sense of purpose.
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY

1. It provides a system of socialization. Knowledge and skills, dominant patterns

of behavior, moral and social values, and aspects of personality are transmitted to
each members, especially to the young, the family, the peer group, the school, the
church and other government and nongovernment organizations plays a role in the
individual’s development.
2. It provides the basic needs of its member. Food, clothing, shelter, medicine,
education, transportations and communication facilities, among others must be
provided by society to satisfy the basic needs of its members.
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY

3. It regulates and control people’s behavior. Confomity to the prevailing norms of conduct ensures
social control. The police, armed forces, law enforcement agencies and even the church and other
government and non-government organizations exist as means of social control. Peace and order are
created through a system of norms and formal organizations.
4. It provides the means of social participation. Through social participation, the individuals in a
society learn to interact with each other, present and discuss their concerns and solve their own
problems or renew their commitment and values. The people are given the opportunity to contribute
to their knowledge and skills for the betterment of their family, neighborhood and community,
religious organizations, civic organizations, people’s organization (PO) and non-government
organizations (NGOs) do their part in community development
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY

5. It provides mutual support to the members. Mutual

support is provided to the members of society in the form of
relief in any form and solution to problems met by them. This
form of assistance may come from the family, neighbors,
clans, government, and non-government agencies, civic and
religious orgaizations.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES

Societies exists in particular places and time, and they change

over time. Societies are organized in particular patterns,
patters that are shaped by a range of factors, including the
way people procure food, the availability of resources,
contact with other societies, and cultural beliefs.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s

Material System Substinence
1. Pre – class Societies – They 1. Simple Societies – These were 1. Food Gathering Societies
are characterized by communal predominanty small, nomadic and (more than 16,000 years ago) –
ownership of property and leadership is unstable. The people The people survived from day to
division of labor. had no specialization of skills, thus day through hunting larger
(Ex. Earliest clans & Tribes). they lived in a simple life. animals, collecting selfish and
vegetable gathering. Their tools
were made of stones, wood and
bones.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s

Material System Substinence
2. Asiatic Societies – The people 2. Compound Societies – Two or 2. Horticultural Societies (12,000
are economically self – sufficient more simple societies merged to to 15,000 years ago) – The people
but their leaders are despotic and form a new and bigger society. planted seeds as a means of
powerful. These societies trended to be production for subsistence.
predominantly settled agricultural
societies and tended to be
characterized by a division of four
or five social classes.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES

According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s

Material System Substinence
3. Ancient Societies – These are 3. Doubly Compound Societies – 3. Patoral Societies – Most of the
characterized by private land These are completely integrated, people are nomadic who follow
ownership. The rich (those who more definite in political and their herds in quest of animals for
have) owned big tract of private religious structure and more food and clothing to satisfy their
properties while the poor (thos complex division of labor. needs. They raised animals to
who-have-not) worled as laborers. Considerable progress in provide milk, fur and blood for
Thus, wealth is limited to a few infrastructure and knowledge in protein. These societies typically
people. arts had taken place. are relatively small, wandering
communities organized along male
centered kinship groups.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s
Material System Substinence
4. Feudal Societies – The 4. Militant Societies – are 4. Agricultural Societies – In the
aristocrats (Feudal Lords) owned characterized by the following: (a) early agricultural societies, people
the wealth of the country due to the existence of military rank; (b) used plow that how in food
their ownership of big tracts of individual lives and private production. By the use of plow, it
lands. The peasants worked on the possesions are at the disposal of turns the topsoil deeper allowing
lands of the feudal lords with only the State; and (c) individual for better aerating and dertilizing
few benefits received by them. activities such as recreation, thus improving better yield when
However, these types of societies movements, satisfaction of harvested. Irrigation farming was
collapsed due to the rise of cities biological needs, and production of introduced which resulted to a
and metropolis as a result of the goods are totally regulated by the larger yield of production that can
rise of trades and industries. State. even feed large number of people
In other words, individuals exist to who did not know how to produce
serve the State. food by themselves.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s
Material System Substinence
5. Capitalists Societies – These 5. Industrial Societies – These 5. Industrial Societies – These
societies existed in societies where societies are characterized by the societies began in the 18th century
two classes of people appeared. The following: (a) people elect their during the Industrial Revolution and
bourgeoise (property owners) who representative to protect their gained momentum by the turn of the
owned the capital and the means of individual initiatives; (b) freedom of 19th century. This period is
production and the ploretariat (the belief, religion, production of characterized by the use of machine
laborers or workers) who are industrial goods exist; (c) disputes as means of food production. Mass
compelled to work for the capitalists and grievance are settled through production of guns, invention of
or sell their small properties to the peaceful arbitration; and (d) business stream locomotives and large
capitalists. organizations appear where production of steel and well-
cooperative efforts between coordinated labor force took place.
management and labor are based on Thus, to people began highly be
contractual agreement. In other skilled and highly diversified in their
words, individual freedom, rights and occupation.
initiatives are being protected.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s
Material System Substinence
6. Democratic Societies – These 6. Post – Industrial Societies – 6. Post – Industrial Societies /
societies are characterized bu gree These are characterized by : (a) Information Societies – Information
enterprise where people are free to spread of computer machines and and communication technology is the
engage in any lawful business for existence of information and hallmark of these modern societies.
profit or gain. People had to work on communication; (b) inventions and These are characterized by the spread
rheir own livelihood according to discoveries in medicines, agriculture, of computer tehnology, advances in
what the law mandates. business whether in physical and this technology are made by highly-
natural sciences emrged; and (c) trained computers and internet. The
pollution, diseases, calamities are use of modern technology gave rise
prevalent as a result of the use of to several technological problems
advanced technology. such as pollution., lung illness, skin
problems and other.
 DISSOLUTION OF A SOCIETY

1. When the people kill each other through civil revolution.

2. When an outside force exterminates the members of the society.
3. When the members become apathetic among themselves or have no more sense of belongingness
4. When a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by means of conquest or territorial
absorption.
5. When an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people andother living things in it
6. When the people living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves to another existing society.
THE CONCEPT OF
CULTURE
 MEANING AND NATURE OF CULTURE

It was E.B. Taylor who conceptualized the definition of culture in

1860s. According to him, culture is a complex whole which consist of
knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values,
norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, and feelings and other
capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially
transmitted by man from one generation to another through language
and living together as members of the society (Arcinas, 2016).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

Culture - is a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a

system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which
men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes
towards life (Clifford Geertz).
Culture – consist of learned system of meaning, communicated by means of
natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and
affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses
of reality (Roy D’Andrade).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

Culture – is an extrasomatic (nongenetic, nonbodily), temporal

continuum of things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists
of tools, implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions,
beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc. (Leslie White).
Culture – I cosists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated
meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which
they belong. (Whitten and Hunter).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

A society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in

order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members. (Ward Goodenough).
Culture – is an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfaction of the
biological and derived need. It is integralwhole consisting of implements in
consumers goods, of constitutional characters for the various social
groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom (Malinowski).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

Culture – in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human

creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to
our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette,
ethics, religion and morals that have been build up through the ages. (Kluckhohn and
Kelly).
Culture – refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] which includes the
material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social orientations, point of view, and
sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in
simple terms it is the “man made part of the environment” (Herskovits).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

Culture – is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group people. It consists of the
patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristics of the members of a
particular society or segment of a society. (Harriz).
• The concept of culture as everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society.
This definition can be instructive because the three verbs correspond to the three major components
of culture. That is, everything that people have refers to material possessions; everything that
people think refers to those things they carry around in their heads, such as ideas, values, and
attitudes; and everything that people do refers to behavior patterns. Thus all cultures comprise (a)
material objects, (b) ideas, values, and attitudes, and (c) patterned ways of behaving (Gary
Ferraro).
 DEFINITION OF CULTURE AS MENTIONED IN THE BOOK OF
DAVID AND MACARAEG (2010) ENTITLED “SOCIOLOGY:
EXPLORING SOCIETY AND CULTURE”

In general, culture is a term used by social scientists, like anthropologists and

sociologists, to encompass all the facets of human experience that extend
beyond our physical fact. It simply refers to the way we understand ourselves
both as individuals and as members of society, and include stories, religion,
media, rituals, and even language itself. Irrespective of the various definitions,
conceptions and approaches to the understanding of the concept of culture, it is
however agreed that culture is a way of life and morality is a part of culture.
Practically all modern definitionsshare key features.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists
Dynamic, flexible and adaptive – 1. Learned
1. I Culture necessarily changes, and is changed - Culture is learned, as each person must learn how to
by, a variety of interactions, with individuals, “be” a member of that culture.
media, and technology, just to name a few.
-Culture is acquired by being born into a particular
Cultures interact and change. Most societies
interact with other societies, and as a consequence society in the process of enculturation. Through
the coaches interact that leads to exchanges of language, the cultural traits of society are passed on to
material (ex:ideas and symbols) components of youngest members in the process of growing up
culture. through teaching.
- All cultures change, or else, they would have - Every human generation potentially can discover
problems adjusting and adapting to changing new things and invent better technologies. The new
environments. cultural skills and knowledge are added onto what
- Culture is adaptive and dynamic, once we was learned in to previous generations.
recognize problems, culture cannot up again, in a
more positive way, to find solutions.
- We need our cultural skills to stay alive.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists
2. Shared and maybe challenged 2. Symbolic
- (Given the reality of social - Cultures symbolic, as it based on the
differentiation), as we share culture manipulation of symbols.
with others, we are able to act - Cultures and there’s meaning to what people
inappropriate ways as well as predict do. Beliefs, religion, rituals, meds, dances,
how others will act. Despite the shirt performances, music, art works, sense of taste,
nature of culture, that doesn’t mean that education, innovations, identity, ethnicity, and so
culture is homogeneous (the same). - it on our meeting for him and expressions of what
may be challenged by the presence of people do and how the act.
other cultures and other social forces in
society like modernization,
industrialization, and globalization.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists
3. Learned through 3. Systematic and integrated
socialization/enculturation - Culture is systematic an integrated as the parts
- Culture is not biological, people do of culture work together in an integrated hole.
not inherit it but learn as interact in - The systems of meetings and many other faces
society. Much of learning culture is (sides) of culture such as kindred, religion,
unconscious. People learn, observe in a economic activities, inheritance, and political
quart culture from families, friends, process, do not function in isolation but an
institutions, and the media. The process integrated hole that makes society work. This
of learning culture is enculturation. varying systems of meanings, relations. And
processes are shared within a group of people
rendering culture bonded to those who seek a
sense of belonging to the same society.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists
4. Pattern social interactions 4. Shared
- Culture as a normative system has the - Culture is shared, as it offers all people ideas
capacity to define and control human about behavior.
behaviors. - Since culture is shared within exclusive
- Norms (For example) are cultural domains of social relations, societies operate
expectations in terms of how onw will differently from each other leading for cultural
think, feel, or behave as set by one’s variations. Even culture is is bounded, it does
culture. It sets the patterns in terms of not mean that there are no variations in how
what is appropriate or inappropriate in a people act and relate with each other within a
given setting. given system of their respective societies. On
- Human interactions are guided by the contrary, the same society can be broadly
some forms of standards and diverse wherein people.
expectations which in the end regulize - Societies do not always exist independently
it. from each other.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists
5. Transmitted through socialization or 5. Encompassing
enculturation - Culture covers every feature of humanity.
- As we share our culture with others, Around the world, people as members of their
we are able to pass it on to the new own societies establish connections with each
members of society or the younger other and form relationship guided by their
generation in different ways. respective cultural practices and values.
- In the process of - Edward Taylor defines culture as a complex
socialization/enculturation, we were whole which encompasses beliefs, practices,
able to reach them about many things in traits, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
life and equip them with the culturally symbols, knowledge, and everything that a
acceptable ways of surviving, person learns and shares as a member of society
competing, and making meaningful (David and Macaraeg, 2010).
interaction with others in society.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

From the Perspective of Sociologists From the Perspective of Anthropologists

6. Requires language and other
forms of communication
- In the process of learning and
transmitting culture, symbols and
language are needed to
communicate with others in
society (Arcinas, 2016).
 IMPORTANCE/FUNCTION OF CULTURE

Sociologists recognize and regard culture as one of the most important concepts within sociology
because it plays a vital role in our social lives. It is essential for shaping social relationships,
maintaining and challenging social order, determining how we make sense of the world and our
place in it, and in shaping our everday actions and experiences in society. Moreover, culture is
important to sociologist because it plays a significant and important role in the production of social
order. The social order refers to the stability of society based on the collective agreement to rules
and norms that allow us to cooperate, function as a society, and live together (ideally) in peace and
harmony (Cole, 2019).
 IMPORTANCE/FUNCTION OF CULTURE
In the book of David and Macaraeg, (2010), the following functions of culture were given emphasis:

1. It serves as the “trademark” of the people in the society.

2. It gives meaning and direction to one’s existence.

3. It promotes meaning to individual’s existence.

4. It predicts social behavior.

5. It unifies diverse behavior.

6. It provides social solidarity.

7. It establishes social personality.

8. It provides systematic behavioral pattern.

9. It provides social structure category.

10. It maintains the biologic functioning of the group

11. It offers ready-made solutions to man’s material and immaterial problems.

12. It develops man’s attitude and values given him a conscience.

 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Symbols – refers to anything that is used to stand for something else. It is anything that gives meaning to
the culture. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or
image.
Language – is known as the storehouse of culture (Arcinas, 2016). It system of words and symbols used
to communicate with other people. We have a lot of dialects in the Philippines that provides a means of
understanding. Through these, culture is hereby transmitted to the future generation through learning
(David and Macaraeg, 2010).
Technology – refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and
maintaining the environment; it includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people
(Arcinas, 2016).
 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Values – Are culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable. Values determine how individuals
will probably respond in any given circumstances. Members of the culture use the shared system of values
to decide what is good and what is bad. There’s also refers to the abstract concepts of what is important and
worthwhile (David and Macaraeg, 2010). What is considered as good, proper and desirable, or bad,
improper or undesirable, in the culture can be called as values (Arcinas, 2016). It influence people‘s
behavior and serve as a benchmark for evaluating the actions of others. Majority of Philippine population is
bonded together by common values and traits that are first taught at home and being applied in our day-to-
day lives. Filipinos are known for the following values: (a) compassionate; (b) Spirit of kinship and
camaraderie; (c) hardwork and industry; (d) ability to survive; (e) faith and religiosity; (f) flexibility,
adaptability and creativity; (g) Joy and humor; (h) family orientation; (i) hospitality; and (j)
pakikipagkapwa-tao.
 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Beliefs – refers to the faith of an individual (David and Macaraeg, 2010). They are conceptions or
ideas of people have about what is true in the environment around them like what is life, how to
value it and how one’s belied on the value of life relate with his or her interaction with others and
the world. These maybe based on common sense, folk wisdom, religion, science, or a combination
of all of these (Arcinas, 2016).
Norms – are specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior (Arcinas, 2016). These are
societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific situations (David and Macaraeg,
2010). Like in school, we are expected to behave in particular way. If violate norms, we look
different. Thus, we can be called as social deviants.
 TYPES OF CULTURE

Proscriptive Norm – defines and tells us things

not to do.
Prescriptive Norm – defines and tells us things to
do.
 FORMS OF CULTURE

Folkways – are also known as customs (customary/repetitive ways of

doing things); they are forms of norms for everyday behavior that
people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Breaking them
does not usually have serious consequences. We have certain customs
that were passed on by our forebears that make up a large part of our
day to day existence and we do not question their practicality. Since
they are being practiced, it is expected that we do them also.
 FORMS OF CULTURE

Mores - are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; they are based on
definitions of right and wrong (Arcinas, 2016). They are norms also but with moral
understones (David and Macaraeg, 2010).
Laws – are controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and
enforced by an official law enforcement agency (Arcinas, 2016). They are
institutionalized norms and mores that were enacted by the state to ensure stricter
punishment in order for the people to adhere to the standards set by society (Davis
and Macaraeg, 2010).
 TWO COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

Sociologists describe two interrelated aspects of human

culture:
• The physical object of the culture “Material Culture”.
• Ideas associated with these objects “Non-Material
Culture”.
 TWO TYPES OF CULTURE

Material culture - consists of tangible things (Banaag, 2012). It refers to the

physical objects resources and spaces that people used to define their culture
this inside homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues,
temples, mosques, offices factories and plants, tools, means of production
goods and products stores and so forth. All of this physical aspects of culture
help to define its members behaviors and perceptions. Everything that is
created, reduced, changed and utilized by man is included in the material
culture (Arcinas, 2016).
 TWO TYPES OF CULTURE

Non-material Culture - consists of intangible things. (Banaag, 2012). Non-material culture refers to the non-
physical ideas that people have about their culture including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language,
organizations, and institutions. Four instance the non-material culture concepts of religion consists of a set
of ideas and beliefs about God, where ship, morals, and ethics. This beliefs, then, determine how the culture
response to its religious topics, issues, and events. When considering nonmaterial culture, sociologists
referred to several processes that a culture uses to shape its members thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Four
of the most important of these are symbols, language, values, and norms. Nonmaterial culture can be
categorized into cognitive and normative culture. The former includes ideas, concepts, philosophies,
designs etc. that are products of mental or intellectual functioning and the reasoning of the human mind.
Where ours, the latter includes all expectations, standards and rules for human behavior (Arcinas, 2016).
 MODE OF ACQUIRING CULTURE

1. Imitation – children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the values, attitudes, and
language and all other things in their social environment. Some of those things are imitated are
internationalized in the room personality and become a part of their attitude, character and other
behavioral patterns.
2. Indoctrination or Suggestion – this may take the form of formal training or informal teaching.
Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he may acquire those behaviors from listening
or watching, reading, attending training activities or through interaction.
3. Conditioning – the values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired through
conditioning. This conditioning can be reinforced through reward and punishment.
 ADAPTION OF CULTURE

1. Parallelism – means that the same culture meeting please into on more different places.
2. Diffusion – refers to those behavioral patterns that passed back-and-forth from one culture to
another. This is the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought about by change
agents such as people or media.
3. Convergence - takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture
making it different from the original culture.
4. Fission - takes place when people break away from there or would you know culture and start
developing a different culture of their own.
 ADAPTION OF CULTURE

5. Acculturation – refers to the process where in individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of
other cultures into their own either voluntary or by force. Voluntary acculturation occurs through
imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people.
6. Assimilation – occurs when the culture of the larger society is adopted by a smaller society,
that’s more society as humans some of the culture of the larger society or cost society.
7. Accommodation – occurs when the largest society and smaller society are able to respect and
tolerate each other‘s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of each others culture.
 CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

1. Discovery – is the process of finding a new place or an object, artifact or anything that
previously existed.
2. Invention – implies a creative rental process of devices, creating and producing something new,
novel or original; and also the utilization and combination of previously known elements to
produce that an original or novel product. It could be either social or material or it could also be
invention of new methods or techniques.
3. Diffusion – Is the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another
belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to
new forms. It involves the following social processes:
 CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

a. Acculturation – cultural borrowing and cultural imitation.

b. Assimilation – the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through
long periods of interaction.
c. Amalgamation – the biological or hereditary fusion of members of
different societies.
d. Enculturation – the delivery information of the new culture to another.
 CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

4. Colonization – refers to the political, social, and political policy of

establishing a colony which would be subject to the room or
governance of the colonizing state.
5. Rebellon and Revolutionary – movements in to change the whole
social order and replace the leadership. The challenge the existing
folkways and mores, and proposing new scheme of norms, values and
organization.
 ETHNOCENTRISM, XENOCENTRISM AND CULTURE
RELATIVISM AS ORIENTATIONS IN VIEWING OTHER CULTURE

Ethnocentrism – Is the perception that Isis from the fact that cultures differ in each culture defines
reality differently. This happens when judging another culture solely by the values and standards of
one’s own culture (Baleña, et. al., 2016). This is the tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in
terms of one’s own race, nation or culture. This is the feeling or believe that one’s culture is better
than the rest.
Xenocentrism – is the opposite of etnhocentrism, The belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to
others. People are highly influenced by the culture or many culture outside the realm of their society.
This could be one of the effects of globalization. Exposure to cultural practices of others may make
one individual or group of individuals to give preference to the idea, lifestyle and products of other
culture.
 ETHNOCENTRISM, XENOCENTRISM AND CULTURE
RELATIVISM AS ORIENTATIONS IN VIEWING OTHER CULTURE

Cultural Relativism – Is an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context (Baleña,
et.al., 2016). It is a principle that an individual persons beliefs and activities should be understood
by others in terms of that individuals own culture (Arcinas, 2016) because (a) different societies
have different moral code; (b) The moral code over society determines what is right or wrong
within the society; (c) there are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times; (d) The moral
code of our own society has no special status, it is but one among many; and (e) it is arrogant for us
to judge other cultures, so we have to be tolerant to them.
 OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO
CULTURE
1. Cultural Diversity – refers to differentiation of culture all over the world which means there is
no right or wrong culture but there is a profit culture for the need of a specific group of people.
2. Sub-Culture – refers to a smaller group within a larger culture.
3. Counterculture – first cultural patterns that strongly opposed does widely accepted within a
society.
4. Culture Lag – is experienced when some parts of the society do not change as fast as with other
parts and they are left behind.
 OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO
CULTURE
5. Culture Shock – is that inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of loss and isolation,
unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic web of culture that bind others..
6. Ideal Culture – refers to the social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms.
7. Real Culture – refers to the actual patterns that only approximate cultural expectations.
8. High Culture – refers to the cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
9. Popular Culture – refers to the cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.
10. Cultural Change – is the manner by which culture evolves.
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