Differential and Integral
Calculus
(AST 222)
Richel B. Rabas
Instructor
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students must have:
• Identify the fundamental theorems of
integration.
• Analyze and solve word problems using
the fundamental theorems of integration.
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL
THEOREMS OF
INTEGRATION
Fundamental Theorems of Integration
The fundamental theorem of
calculus is a theorem that links the
concept of integrating a function with
that of differentiating a function.
Fundamental Theorems of Integration
The fundamental theorem of calculus
justifies the procedure by computing the
difference between the antiderivative at
the upper and lower limits of the
integration process.
AREA FUNCTION
Let’s consider a function f in x that is defined in
the interval [a, b]. The integral of f(x) between the
points a and b, i.e., a∫b f(x) dx, is the area that is
bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the lines x = a,
x =b and x – axis a∫x f(x) dx depicts the area of
the region shaded in brown where x is a point
lying in the interval [a, b].
AREA FUNCTION
First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
(Part 1)
The first part of the calculus theorem is
sometimes called the first fundamental theorem
of calculus. It affirms that one of the
antiderivatives (may also be called indefinite
integral) say F, of some function f, may be
obtained as integral of f with a variable bound of
integration. From this, we can say that there can
be antiderivatives for a continuous function.
First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
(Part 1)
Let f be a continuous real-valued function defined
on a closed interval [a, b]. Let F be the function
defined, for all x in [a, b], by:
F (x) =
Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus (Part 2)
The second fundamental theorem of calculus
states that, if the function “f” is continuous on
the closed interval [a, b], and F is an indefinite
integral of a function “f” on [a, b], then the
second fundamental theorem of calculus is
defined as:
F(b)- F(a) = a∫b f(x) dx
Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus (Part 2)
F(b)- F(a) = a∫b f(x) dx
f(x) is the integrand.
dx is the integrating agent.
‘a’ indicates the upper limit of the integral and ‘b’ indicates a
lower limit of the integral.
LESSON 1: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Indefinite integral is the integration
of a function without any limits.
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation and is referred as
the antiderivative of the function.
LESSON 1: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
An integral which is not having any upper and
lower limit is known as an indefinite integral.
Mathematically, if F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x)
then the most general antiderivative of f(x) is
called an indefinite integral and denoted,
∫f(x) dx = F(x) + C
LESSON 1: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Property 1: The process of differentiation and integration
are inverses of each other in the sense of the following
results:
where C is any arbitrary constant.
LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Property 2: Two indefinite integrals with the same
derivative lead to the same family of curves, and so they
are equivalent.
LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Property 3: The integral of the sum of two
functions is equal to the sum of integrals of the
given functions, i.e.,
LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Property 4: For any real value of p,
LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
Property 5:
For a finite number of functions f1, f2…. fn and
the real numbers p1, p2…pn,
∫[p1f1(x) + p2f2(x)….+pnfn(x) ]dx = p1∫f1(x)dx +
p2∫f2(x)dx + ….. + pn∫fn(x)dx
