Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) System Concepts: Advanced Technology Systems - Government Wireless Programs

Advanced Technology Systems - Government Wireless Programs
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) System Concepts
Israel Leibovich Network Wireless Systems
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Lucent Technologies - Proprietary Use pursuant to Company Instructions
IS-95 CDMA Cellular Standard

n
Objective Overview of the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular system standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-45.5). Based on QUALCOMM CDMA Interim Standard (IS-95) development for the North American market. Buon Giorno Gutentag Buenos Dias Good Morning
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I hope we dont have to memorize complex equations. If he starts with modulation theory I am leaving the room.
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Why CDMA?
n
The Limit of Access The personal communication industry is limited in frequencies. The number of users sharing the same limited frequencies is ever increasing.
I got the point, not enough allocated frequencies and too many users. Sounds like a real capacity problem. Can new technologies improve capacity?
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An Illustration of FDMA
n
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) divide the frequency spectrum into 30 kHz wide channels. Each TX and RX channels are dedicated for one phone call only and are unavailable until the completion of the call. During peak hours, many subscribers are unable to originate a call due to shortage of frequency channels. FDMA is often referred to as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
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An Illustration of FDMA
n
TDMA Time division Multiple Access (TDMA) is implemented to increase system capacity by subdividing the frequency channel bandwidth into time-slots. Uses 30 kHz frequency channels divided into three time-slots. Three subscribers can use the same frequency channel (TX/RX). For FDMA conditions, TDMA capacity increases by three.
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An Illustration of CDMA
n
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a class of modulation. CDMA uses a bandwidth of 1.23 MHz. Users are divided into codes. A single users channel consists of a specific frequency combined with a unique code. Many users use the same frequency. For capacity increase in CDMA sectored cells are used.
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The CDMA Party

n
The CDMA Analogy CDMA is like a crowded cocktail party. Many people are talking at the same time, but you are able to understand one person. Your brain can sort out the voice characteristics (code) of the person you are talking to from the other talkers (interference). As the party grows larger each person has to talk louder such that the size of the talk zone gets smaller.
Bonjour comment allez vous?
I really want to know what these French ladies are saying Maybe we should call Izzy Leibovich to break their Walsh Code.
Ca ne vous regarde pas.
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CDMA Services n Options

Service option 1: Speech. Service option 2: Data loopback mode used for test purposes. Service option 3: Data services (Fax or asynchronous data)
Mobile Phone
Mobile Switching Center
IS-95 air interface
Cell Site
RS-232
Circuit Switched Fax & Data Networks Land Line Phone

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Interference Effects
n
FDMA/TDMA In FDMA/TDMA systems the desired signal should be at least 18 dB above any noise or interference on the same channel. In practice, only a portion of the available spectrum can be used in any cell. A frequency reuse pattern is often used to provide interference attenuation. CDMA In CDMA, signals are received in the presence of high level of interference (can be 18 dB greater than the signal). The practical limit depends on the channel conditions. Approximately half the interference is from outside cells. The other half is from within the same cell by user traffic.
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Frequency Planning
n
Cellular Frequency Re-use Patterns FDMA/TDMA typical 7 reuse pattern. Only 1/7 of all the frequencies allocated to a carrier can be used in any one cell. Cells are often divided to three sectors. This reduces the frequencies available in any sector to only one out of 21. The distance between repeating frequency sets (the frequency reuse distance) is determined by base station TX power and path loss between cell sites.
1 2 6 5 7 4 6 3 2
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Frequency Planning
n
CDMA Re-use pattern With CDMA, the same frequency (1.23 MHz) is used in all cells and sectors. Cell sites and sectors are separated NOT by frequencies but by Pseudo-Random (PN) offsets.
You lost me on this PN thing.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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CDMA Vs Analog Systems

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Some differences between CDMA and FDMA/TDMA systems Multiple users share one carrier frequency (BW=1.23 MHz). A channel is defined by a correlative code in addition to the carrier frequency. The capacity limit is soft. Additional users add noise to the system, which can add a higher data error rate for all users. Capacity can be increased with some degradation to voice quality. Can you talk about the capacity without
showing equations. Remember your promise...
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CDMA Capacity Gains

(Chan BW) (1) (1) Capacity = (Data Rate) X (S/N) X (Vaf) X (Fr) X (Sg)
Capacity = (1,230,000) X (1) X (1) X (.67) X (1) (9,600) (5.01) (.40)
CDMA = 42 Calls (Using 1.5 MHz BW)

AMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30 kHz = 50 Channels Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 (1/7 Frequency Reuse) AMPS = 7 calls (Using 1.5 MHz BW)
Assumptions: Capacity comparison is the number of calls per bandwidth (1.5 MHz). S/N on average is 7 dB. Translated into a ratio its 5.01. Vaf (Voice Activity Factor) for CDMA is 40%. Fr (Frequency Reuse Efficiency) is 0.67% due to interference from surrounding cells. Sg (Sectorization Gain) in 3 sector cells is 2.6 (almost 3 times the capacity when using 3 sectors). OMNI cell.
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The CDMA Concept

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Signal Spreading and Correlation CDMA starts with narrowband signal (approximately 10 kHz BW). The signal is data (data/speech) in a rate of 9600 bps. The data consists of overhead and data information in the same rate. The data is spread with unique codes of 1.2288 Mbps rate. This code rate spreads the signal to 1.23 MHz BW. The ratio of the spread data rate to the initial data rate is called the processing gain (for IS-95 21 dB). The receiver sees the spread signal with noise (other users, adjacent cells, background noise, thermal noise, spurious signals). At the receiver the correlator recovers the signal and rejects the interference. This is possible because the interference sources are uncorrelated (orthogonal in the forward link) to the desired signal.
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The CDMA Concept

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The CDMA Signal

1.23 MHz BW
Transmitter
10 kHz BW
Receiver
10 kHz BW
Baseband Data
Encoding & Interleaving
Walsh Code Spreading
Walsh Code Correlator
Decode & Deinterleaving
Baseband Data
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
1228.8 kbps
1228.8 kbps
19.2 kbps
9.6 kbps
Orthogonal... is that a new buzz word?
Interference Sources: Background Noise External Interference Other Cell Interference Other User Noise
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CDMA System Time

n
Synchronization All CDMA base station and mobiles are synchronized. GPS time is used as a common time reference. GPS drives the Long Code PN sequence generator.
GPS
All radios in the system maintain tied synchronization
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Pseudo - random Noise (PN) Sequences

n
PN Code Generation PN codes are used primarily for signal spreading. Two types of PN codes PN Short Codes PN Long Codes The same PN sequence is used throughout a CDMA system. Each cell/sector has its own PN offset which started at a different point in time (where time reference is synchronized by GPS time). CDMA systems use a total of 512 different PN offsets.
1001011
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PN Short Codes Also called the I and Q spreading sequences. Separate cell sites or sectors of cells (time offsets). Serve to identify calls. Based on 15 - bit - long pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS). Repeat every 26.667 msec intervals. Chip rate of 1.2288 MHz. Period of 32768 chips.
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PN Long Codes Separate reverse link users of the same cell. Used for spreading and scrambling a signal. Depend on time and user ID. Composed of 42 - bit - long PRBS generator which repeats every 41 days. Chip rate of 1.2288 MHz. Contain a user specified Long Code Mask.
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Long Code Generation
Long Code This must be the master clock and is synchronized in all CDMA radios by GPS.
Modulo - 2- Addition
42 bits
42
41
User Assigned Long Code Mask
NOTE: The user specific mask is either derived from the CDMA mobiles Electronic Serial Number (ESN) or from a combination of ESN, a random seed, and cryptological processing algorithms.
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Long Code Spreading Users Long Code mask is applied to the Long Code. Masked Long code is decimated down to 19.2 kbps. Decimated Long Code is exclusive - ored with voice data bits. Scrambles the data to provide voice security.
XOR Encoded Data
19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps
Long Code Decimator Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mbps
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Short Code Spreading Provide a cover to hide the 64 Walsh Codes. Each base station is assigned a time offset in its Short Code. Time offsets allow mobiles to distinguish adjacent cells/sectors. Also allows reuse of all Walsh codes in each cell/sector.
1.2288 Mbps I Channel Short Sequence Code Generator
To I/Q Modulator Walsh Coded Data at 1.2288 Mbps Q Channel Short Sequence Code Generator
1.2288 Mbps
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What is the Spreading Rate Increase?

n
Walsh Code Spreading
XOR Encode Voice Data

19.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps
Walsh Code Generator
1.2288 Mbps
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Walsh Codes
n
Walsh Codes Structure Also known as Hadamared codes. A square matrix with binary elements. Always has a dimension that is a power of two. The CDMA system uses 64 by 64 bit Walsh matrix. Between any rows exactly half the bits match and half the bits do not match (Orthogonality). You promised that there Wn Wn W2n= Wn Wn W1= 0 W2=
Seed will be no math in this presentation
0 0 0 1
0 0 W4= 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
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Orthogonality
n
Orthogonal Functions Two values are orthogonal if the result of exclusive-or-ing them results in an equal number of 1s and 0s. 1111 XOR 1010 0101 In CDMA there are 64 orthogonal functions called Walsh codes. Each function contains 64 chips. Walsh code 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 Walsh code 20 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 Orthogonality 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 32-1s and 32-0s
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Orthogonality
n
Orthogonal Spreading Orthogonal codes can be used to spread a data sequence such as digitized speech.
Data In Orthogonal Function Transmit Data
1 1001 0110
0 1001 1001
0 1001 1001
1 1001 0110
1 1001 0110
In order to recover the data, the data must be exclusive-ored with the same orthogonal function ,used at the transmit end, this time at the received end.
0110 1001 1 1001 1001 0 1001 1001 0 0110 1001 1 0110 1001 1
Received Data Orthogonal Function Data Out
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Orthogonality
n
Orthogonal Spreading In CDMA, each user is assigned a private Walsh code which is used during the spreading sequence. User 1: Bit 1
XOR with each bit of Walsh Code #4 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 Pattern to be transmitted 1111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000
User 2:
Bit
XOR with each bit of Walsh Code #59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 Pattern to be transmitted 1001100101100110011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110
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Diversity
n
CDMA Makes Use of Diversity Spatial Diversity Frequency Diversity Time Diversity
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Diversity
n
CDMA Spatial Diversity Multiple antennas at base station. The base station uses two receive antennas for greater immunity to fading. Multiple base stations for make-before-brake handing off a call from one cell to the next (soft handoff).
Mobile Switching Center Land Link In a non CDMA system if a mobile experiences a deep fade during handoff, a dropped call can result.
Vocoder/ Selector
Base Station 1
Base Station 2
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Diversity
n
CDMA Handoffs HARD HANDOFF Mobile changing from one CDMA channel to another Mobile changing from CDMA channel to AMPS channel (dual mode mobiles). No handoffs from AMPS to CDMA. SOFT HANDOFF This occurs on the same CDMA channel between two different cell sites. SOFTER HANDOFF This occurs as a mobile transitions from one sector to another within the same cell.
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Diversity
n
CDMA Handoffs The mobile has multiple correlative receiver elements that are assigned to each incoming signal and can add them. There are at least four correlators where up to three can be assigned to the data link and one that searches for alternate paths (pilots). The cell site sends received data, with quality index, to the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) where a choice is made as to which is the best signal.
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Diversity
n
CDMA Soft Handoff Requirements By measuring signal strength from all pilots, the mobile determines the specific cell as a candidate for the handoff.
CELL A
CELL B
Ec/No
Signal Margin Time Margin Add Threshold
Drop Threshold
CELL C
Soft Handoff Region Time
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Diversity
n
Frequency Diversity A multipath environment will cause fading, which looks like notch filter in the frequency domain. The notch is typically less than 300 kHz. It will only remove about 25% of the CDMA signal. In FDMA/TDMA this notch will impair ten analog channels.
Amplitude
1.23 MHz
Frequency
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Diversity
n
The Rake Receiver
The base station receiver uses four receiving elements
Signals Arrive at different times
The mobile receiver uses three receiving elements
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Diversity
n
Time Diversity (RAKE Receiver) Multipath signals are used to advantage. Multiple correlative receiver elements can be assigned to different time delayed copies of the same signal. Signals can be combined in a method called RAKE Receiver to optimal signal.
Antenna
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Delay Taps
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
Tap Weights
Output
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Diversity
n
Time Diversity Continued The Time Diversity is a technique common to most digital transmission systems. Loss of transmitted bits are usually grouped in time. Most error correction schemes work best when bit errors are spread uniformly over time. Data is interleaved. Error correction. Convolutional Encoding Viterbi Decoding
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Power Control
n
Advantages of Power Control An analog cellular phone always transmits enough power to overcome a fade, even though a fade does not exist most of the time. The CDMA mobile station transmits only enough power to maintain the link. The average transmitted power is much lower than that required for analog system. Transmitting with lower power in a CDMA mobile station extends battery life and requires a smaller battery. CDMA mobile station output amplifiers cost less.
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Power Control
n
Mobile Station Power Control Power control is necessary to maintain all mobile stations signals exactly at the same and adequate power level. In this way interference from one unit to another is held to a minimum. Two types of power control: Open Loop Closed Loop
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Power Control
n
Open Loop Power Control Assumes loss is similar on forward and reverse paths Receive power + Transmit power = -73. Example: For receive power of -85 dBm (signal level received by mobile station). Transmit Power=(-73)-(-85)=12 dBm (signal level transmitted by mobile station).
Receive and Transmit are balanced
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Power Control
n
Closed Loop Power Control The base station monitors power received from each mobile station and commands the mobile to either raise or lower power by fixed 1 dB steps. This process is repeated 800 times per second (1.25 msec intervals). Closed Loop Power control corrects Open Loop Power estimate.
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CDMA Variable Rate

n
Speech Encoding Speech encoding is done before transmission to reduce the number of bits required to represent the speech. The CDMA vocoder has a data rate of 8550 bps. With more bits added for error detection the channel data rate is 9600 bps. The vocoder detects voice activity and lowers the data rate during quiet periods. Data rates available, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 bps. A decision on the data rate is made every 20 msec. Telephone speech has approximately a 40% activity factor. The 2400 bps is used to transmit transients in the background noise. The 4800 bps is used to transmit mixed vocoded speech and signaling data (between BS to MS; dim and burst signaling).
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CDMA Variable Rate

n
Speech Encoding Continued Mobile Station The mobile pulses its output power during periods of lower-rate data. The power is turned on for 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 of the time. This lowers the average power and the interference seen by other users. Base Station The base station transmits with 100% duty cycle at 9600 bps, but uses only 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 of full power and repeats the transmitted power 2,4, or 8 times respectively. Repeating the bits at lower power is more effective on forward link due to the use of coherent phase reference called the pilot signal.
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CDMA Channels
n
Forward Link Pilot Channel Unmodulated signal (easy for the mobile to find). The strongest (most energy) code channel sent from base station. The PN offset of the base station is used to time align the position of the pilot channel (cell/sector identification). The CDMA pilot is always Walsh code 0 (64 chips of 0). Transmitted at 1200 bps. No Long Code applied.
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CDMA Channels
n
Forward Link Sync Channel Repeatedly transmits a message every 240 msec. Sync message contains the following information: PN Offset System Time and Long Code State Paging Channel Description Walsh Code 32. Transmitted at 1200 bps. No Long Code applied. Uses a 26.67 msec transmission frame.
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CDMA Channels
n
Forward Link Paging Channel Used to notify the mobile of incoming calls. Assigns the mobile to a specific traffic channel. Sends overhead information to the mobile System parameters message Neighbor cell lists Access parameters message CDMA channel list Transmitted at 9600 or 4800 bps. A base station may implement up to 7 paging channels (Walsh codes 1-8).
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CDMA Channels
n
Forward Link Traffic Channel Provides a dedicated code channel for base station to mobile communications. Communications may consist of traffic (voice/data) or messages, or a mixture of both. Data rate may be varied and regulated on a frame by frame basis (up to 9600 bps).
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Channel Timing
n
Forward Link
80 msec
Pilot Channel PN Offset = 0 Sync Channel PN Offset = 0 Paging Channel
26.67 msec
20 msec
Traffic Channel Frame Offset = 0
20 msec
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Physical Layer
n
Forward Link
20 msec blocks Convolutional Encoder 1/2 RATE 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps FIR Vocoded Speech Data Long Code 1.2288 Mbps Walsh Code Sequence Interleaver Walsh Cover 1.2288 Mbps FIR 19.2 kbps
1.2288 Mbps
I Short Code
9.6 kbps
Q Short Code 1.2288 Mbps
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Error Protection
n
Forward Link Uses Half - Rate Convolutional Encoder. Outputs two bits of encoded data for every input bit.
DATA OUT 9600 bps
DATA In 9600 bps
+
DATA OUT 9600 bps
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Channel Format
n
Forward Link - Channel Format

Walsh Code 0 I Pilot Channel
All 0s
Convert to I/Q & PN spreading Q
FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion
Walsh Code 32
4.8 kbps
I Convert to I/Q & PN spreading FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion Q I Convert to I/Q & PN spreading Q FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion
Sync Channel Walsh Code 1 to 7

19.2 kbps
Paging Channels 1 up to 7 channels Walsh Code 8-31, 33-63

19.2 kbps
S
I Convert to I/Q & PN spreading Q FIR LP Filter & D/A Conversion
Traffic Channels 1 up to 55 channels
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CDMA Channels
n
Reverse Link Access Channel Used by mobile to: Access system when not assigned to a traffic channel. Originate calls Respond to pages Register with the system Transmissions are infrequent, so that multiple mobiles may use the same Access Channel. A base station responds to transmissions on an access channel with a Paging Channel. Transmission rate at 4800 bps.
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CDMA Channels
n
Reverse Link Traffic Channel Provides a dedicated code channel for mobile to base station communications. Communications may consist of traffic (voice data) or messages, or mixture of both. Transmission may occur at full rate (9600 bps), half rate (4800 bps), quarter rate (2400 bps), or eighth rate (1200 bps). Unique long code mask is applied.
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Physical Layer
n
Reverse Link
20 msec blocks
64 - ary Modulator 1 of 64 Walsh Codes
1.2288 Mbps I Short Code
Convolutional Encoder Interleaver 1/3 rate 307.2 kbps
1.2288 Mbps
FIR t/2 FIR
9.6 kbps Vocoded Speech Data
28.8 kbps
28.8 kbps
1.2288 Mbps Long Code
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Error Protection
n
Reverse Link Uses Third - Rate Convolutional Encoder. Outputs three bits for every input bit.
+
DATA OUT 9600 bps
DATA In 9600 bps
+
DATA OUT 9600 bps
+
DATA OUT 9600 bps
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64 - Ary Modulation
n
Reverse Link Every 6 encoded voice data bits points to one of the 64 Walsh Codes. Data is spread from 28.8 kbps to 307.2 kbps. There is no channelization for the reverse link.
Walsh 63 Walsh 62 Walsh 61 28.8 kbps Walsh 2 Walsh 1 Walsh 0
307.2 kbps
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Reverse Channel Long Code

n
Reverse Link Long Code spreading provides unique mobile channelization. Mobiles are uncorrelated but not orthogonal with each other.
Walsh Modulated Voice Data
XOR
307.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps
Long Code Generator
1.2288 Mbps
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Reverse Channel Short Sequence Spreading

n
Reverse Link Same PN Short Codes are used by mobiles. Extra 1/2 chip delay is inserted into Q path to provide OQPSK modulation Allows for simpler, low cost mobile power amplifier.
1.2288 Mbps I Short Code
FIR 1.2288 Mbps t/2 FIR
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Channelization Summary
Function
Forward Link Base to Mobile 1/2 Rate 9600 in 19200 out Channelization
Function Mobile to Base 1/3 Rate 9600 in 28800 out 64 - Ary Modulation Channelization
Convolutional Encoder Walsh Coding Long Code Spreading Short Code Spreading
Voice Privacy
Base Station Identification
Simplifies Mod Format
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Modulation
n
CDMA Modulation Formats Base Station Filtered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). A form of modulation that applies different data sequences to two carriers separated by 90 degrees. Mobile Station Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) A form of modulation that applies different data sequences to two carriers separated by 90 degrees. The two data sequences are staggered by half a modulation symbol time (1/2 chip).
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Ten Minutes in a Life of a CDMA Mobile

n
Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile Phone. Turn On Process System Access Travel Idle State Hand-Off Call Initiation System Access Continue Travel Soft Handoff Initiation Terminate Soft Handoff End Call
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CDMA Turn On Process When the mobile turns on it tunes to the pre-programmed frequency for CDMA service in the local area. Find all receivable base stations (search for all pilot signals). Establish frequency reference and time reference. The mobile demodulates the sync channel (Walsh #32). The sync channel provides master clock information by sending the state of the 42 bit long code shift register 320 msec in the future. The sync channel contains many other parameters. The mobile starts listening to the paging channel and waits for a page that is directed to its phone number. The mobile will often register with a base station so that the base station can do location-based paging rather then system wide paging.
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CDMA Travel (no call in progress) The mobile is continuously scanning for alternative pilot tones at different time offsets. When another pilot tone (from another base station or sector in the same base station) is found to be stronger than the current pilot tone the mobile will request a soft handoff. This soft handoff process during travel is called idle state handoff. The mobile location registration is updated in the CDMA system.
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CDMA Call Initiation The user decides to make a call. The number is keyed in and the send key is hit. The mobile uses the access channel to contact the base station by sending access probes. Closed-Loop power control is not yet active. The mobile uses the Open-Loop power control to estimate initial transmit level. Multiple access probes are allowed with random time between tries to avoid collisions with other users on the access channel. After each access probe the mobile listens to the paging channel for a response from the base station. The base station responds with assignment of a traffic channel (Walsh code for forward link). The traffic channel uses different long codes than the paging channel. The base station initiates the land link and conversation can take place.
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CDMA Soft Handoff During a call the mobile finds another pilot with sufficient power. The mobile requests from its servicing base station to initiate soft handoff with the additional cell. The servicing base station passes this request to the MTSO which contacts the second base station and gets a Walsh code assignment. The Walsh assignment is sent to mobile by the servicing base station. The MTSO connects a land link to the second base station
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CDMA Soft Handoff Continued The mobile combines the signals from both base stations by using the two pilot signals as coherent phase references. At the MTSO, the signals are examined from each base station and the better one is chosen for each 20 msec block. The first base station pilot power degrades at the mobile. The mobile asks from the new base station to have the soft handoff terminated. At this point the mobile is being power controlled by the second base station. The soft handoff request is passed from the second base station to the MTSO and the first base station stops transmitting and receiving. The mobile is only on the second base station.
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CDMA End Of Call End of call can be initiated either by the mobile or the land side. In either case, transmissions are stopped and the land line connection is broken. When the mobile is turned off, it generates a power down registration that tells the system that it is no longer available for incoming calls. If the mobile is not turned off it continues with Idle State Handoff. I like this idle state handoff term.
As long as the mobile is ON the CDMA system knows its location.
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Conclusion
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New Access Method Code based (users and base stations). Designed for use in interfering environment. Uses multipath to advantage by using RAKE receiver technology. My friends will be very impressed when I will describe to them how Has high capacity. CDMA works...
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) System Concepts: Advanced Technology Systems - Government Wireless Programs

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