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Chapter 1 The Fundamentals of Internet Programming

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138 views

Chapter 1 The Fundamentals of Internet Programming

Uploaded by

mekideszekarias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Fundamentals of Internet

Programming
Understanding the fundamentals of internet programming is essential for
building web applications and services. From internet history to the HTTP
protocol, this field encompasses a wide range of concepts and
technologies.
1.1 Internet history, Uses and Services

• Internet History: The internet, also known as the Net, is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
allows users to access information from any other computer and communicate with users on different computers. It
was initially developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 as the
ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
• Uses: It facilitates global communication, access to information, e-commerce, social networking, online education,
and more.
• Services: Email, file sharing, remote access, VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol), video streaming, and cloud
computing(the delivery of various services over the internet) are integral internet services.
1.2 The World Wide Web (www)
 The World Wide Web, often referred to as the "www", is a global system of linked hypertext documents. It
operates over the internet, allowing users to access and share information, browse websites, and
communicate in a variety of ways.

 The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the web, refers to all the public websites or pages that users
can access on their local computers and other devices. These pages and documents are interconnected
through hyperlinks that users click on for information, which can be in various formats like text, images, audio,
and video.
 The World Wide Web is a part of the internet but not synonymous with it.
1.3 Client-Server Architecture Overview
of WWW
The client-server model defines the relationship between the client and the server in the context of
the web. It is a key concept in understanding how information is requested, sent, and processed over
the internet.
1.4 Browser and Web Server

 A web browser, commonly known simply as a browser, is an application used to access and interact with
various resources on the World Wide Web. It interprets and displays web pages, allowing users to navigate the
internet. It acts as an interface between the user and the web server.
 Popular examples of web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Microsoft Edge.

 Web Server is a dedicated computer or software that hosts websites and serves web-based documents to client
computers upon request. Web servers receive HTTP requests from web browsers, process them to find the
required documents, and send back suitable responses to the client machines.
 Examples of web servers include Apache and Microsoft's Internet Information Services (IIS).
1.5 Document Types and MIME

 Document types and MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) play a crucial role in defining the structure and
format of various types of data transmitted over the internet.

 Document Types refer to the nature and format of a file or assortment of bytes, indicating the kind of data
contained within the file.
 Document types are classified into various categories such as text, image, audio, video, application, and more.

 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) types are a standard way of classifying document types on the
internet.
 MIME types consist of two parts: a type and a subtype separated by a slash (/). The type represents the general
category of the data, such as text or image, while the subtype specifies the exact kind of data within that category.
 For instance, text/html indicates an HTML document, image/jpeg represents a JPEG image, and application/json
signifies JSON data.
1.6 Unified Resources Location (URLs)

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) provide a standardized way to locate and access resources on the
internet. They include the protocol (e.g., http, https), the domain, and other necessary details to
access a specific resource.
Example: https://www.domain.com/section/science
1.7 Domain Name System (DNS)
The Domain Name System (DNS) serves as the phonebook of the internet, translating domain
names into IP addresses. It plays a critical role in allowing users to access websites using
human-readable domain names.
Examples of domain names include google.com, wikipedia.org.
1.8 TCP/IP Protocols

General Description
The TCP/IP protocols provide a set of rules for data communication across interconnected
networks. They ensure reliable, end-to-end transmission of data.
TCP/IP Components and Services
The TCP/IP suite of protocols provides a range of services that enable communication over the
internet. These services include:

• IP Addressing: TCP/IP assigns unique IP addresses to devices connected to the


network, allowing them to be identified and communicate with each other.
• Routing: TCP/IP uses routing protocols to determine the best path for data packets to
travel from the source to the destination across interconnected networks.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is responsible for establishing reliable
connections between devices and ensuring the orderly and error-free delivery of data.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP provides a connectionless and lightweight transport service
that is suitable for applications that prioritize speed over reliability, such as real-time streaming.
• Domain Name System (DNS): DNS translates domain names into their corresponding IP
addresses, allowing users to access websites using human-readable addresses.
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): ICMP is used for network diagnostics and
troubleshooting, including error reporting, network status updates, and ping requests.
1.9 HTTP Method, Messages, and Request
Model
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for communication between a
client and a server in a web application. It defines a set of methods, messages, and
request models that enable the exchange of data.
 HTTP methods specify the type of action to be performed on a resource. Some
commonly used methods include:
• GET: Retrieves data from a server
• POST: Sends data to a server to create a new resource

HTTP messages consist of a request or a response. A request message is sent by a client to


a server, while a response message is sent by a server back to the client. These messages
include headers and a body that contain information and data.
The request model in HTTP consists of several components, including:
• Request line: Contains the HTTP method, the target URL, and the HTTP version
• Headers: Provide additional information about the request
• Body: Contains optional data to be sent with the request

Understanding HTTP methods, messages, and the request model is essential for building
and interacting with web applications.

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