Operating System

Lecture 1
21 Feb 2024

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Engr. Luqman Shahzad
MS: Information Security
BS: Computer Engineering
Bahria University, Islamabad

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Contact Information

Email:
[email protected]

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 How this course will be run
 No ordinary student-Instructor based
Teaching
 You have to do most of the things by yourself
 Reading
 Presentations
 Quizzes

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Are you ready !!!!
Lets Begin

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Books and Resources
 Operating System Concepts 9th Edition by
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

 Modern Operating Systems, 3rd Edition by

Tanenbaum

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Lecture 1:
Introduction and Revision

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

 Outlines
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating-System Operations
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Storage Management
 Protection and Security
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Open-Source Operating Systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Objectives

 To describe the basic organization of

computer systems
 To provide a grand tour of the major

components of operating systems

 To give an overview of the many types of

computing environments
 To explore several open-source operating

systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of

a computer and the computer hardware

 Operating system goals:

 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Hierarchical view of computer system

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four

components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware
among various applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Dynamic View of System Components

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Four Components of a Computer System

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer
must keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have
dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources
from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Operating system viewpoints

 Operating system can be explored from two

viewpoints
 User View
 The user view of the computer varies by the
interface being used.
 monitor, keyboard, mouse, and system unit.
 Designed for the user to control its resources, to
maximize the work. (ease of use)
 Users use terminal to connect with mainframe or
minicomputer for (resource utilization)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Operating system viewpoints

 Operating system can be explored from two

viewpoints
 System View
 Operating system can be viewed as resource
allocator
 Hardware and software used to solve problems
related to CPU time, memory space, file-storage
space. I/O devices and so on.
 Operating system can be viewed as control
program: control program manages the execution
of user programs to prevent errors and improper
use of the computer. 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition
 Operating System Definition

 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use

 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
 No hard and fast definition for OS

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer Startup
 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
 Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as
firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 In computing, bootstrapping is a technique by which a
simple computer program activates a more complicated
system of programs. In the start up process of
a computer system, a small program (such as BIOS)
initializes and tests that
the hardware, peripherals and external memory devices
are connected. It then loads a program from one of
them and passes control to it, thus allowing the loading
of larger programs (such as an operating system).

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made up
of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally measured

and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes.
A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes
a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes
a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes
a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes
a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes

Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that a
megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking
measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Direct Memory Access Structure
 Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers that
allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access
system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU).
 Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is
typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write
operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA,
the CPU initiates the transfer, does other operations while the transfer
is in progress, and receives an interrupt from the DMA controller when
the operation is done.
 Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmit
information at close to memory speeds

 Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer

storage directly to main memory without CPU
intervention

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Storage Structure
 Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU
can access directly
 Random access
 Typically volatile
 Secondary storage – extension of main memory that
provides large nonvolatile storage capacity
 Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material
 Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which
are subdivided into sectors
 The disk controller determines the logical interaction
between the device and the computer
 Solid-state disks – faster than magnetic disks,
nonvolatile
 Various technologies
 Becoming more popular
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Storage-Device Hierarchy

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Caching

 Information in use copied from slower to faster

storage temporarily

 Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if

information is there
 If it is, information used directly from the cache
(fast)
 If not, data copied to cache and used there

 Cache smaller than storage being cached

 Cache management important design problem
 Cache size and replacement policy

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer-System Architecture
 Most systems use a single general-purpose processor (PDAs
through mainframes)
 Most systems have special-purpose processors as well

 Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

 Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
 Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault
tolerance
 Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 How a Modern Computer Works

This is imp sir

A von Neumann architecture

luqman bola
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 A Dual-Core Design

 UMA and NUMA

architecture variations
 Multi-chip and
multicore

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Clustered Systems
 Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working
together
 Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
 Provides a high-availability service which survives
failures
 Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby
mode
 Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running
applications, monitoring each other
 Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC)
 Applications must be written to use parallelization
 Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid
conflicting operations

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Clustered Systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer-System Operation

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute

concurrently
 Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an interrupt
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Computer-System Operation

 The occurrence of an event is usually

signaled by an interrupt from either the
hardware or software.
 Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any
time by sending a signal to the CPU.
 Software may trigger an interrupt by
executing a special operation called a
system call (also called a monitor call).

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 Trap

Trap is actually a software generated interrupt

caused either by an error (for example division
by zero, invalid memory access etc.), or by an
specific request by an operating system
service generated by a user program. The
hardware or software can generate these
interrupts. When the interrupt or trap occurs,
the hardware therefore, transfer control to the
operating system which first preserves the
current state of the system by saving the
current CPU registers contents and program
counter's value. after this, the focus shifts to
the determination of which type of interrupt
has occurred.
Operating System Concepts – 9 Edition
th 1.38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
 End

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne