Evolution 2

Evolution
ACTIVITY 1.
 Read Page 289-294, and summarize
the theories presented by different
scientist about their own theory of
evolution.
 Write your answer in 1 whole sheet of
paper.
Change in Thought
 Scientists began to wonder how and why
these changes took place
 2 biologists believed organisms changed in
response to their environments:
 French Jean Baptiste Lamarck
 British Charles Darwin
Lamarck’s Theory
 1809 – Lamarck proposed his theory of
evolution
 Theory based on 2 hypotheses:
 Organisms develop traits by the use and
disuse of body parts
 Acquired characteristics – passed from parents
to offspring
According to Lamarck, why do giraffes
have long necks?
Lamarck’s giraffe example
 Lamarck assumed giraffes had short necks
originally and ate grass
 Grass died due to climate change
 Giraffes ate leaves off trees
 As giraffes stretched necks, necks grew
 Giraffe’s acquired long necks – passed to future
generations
 Scientists questioned this theory…
Charles Darwin
 Born in 1809
 Age 22, went on voyage on HMS Beagle (British
ship) as a naturalist
 Mapping expedition of S. America and S. Pacific
Voyage of Beagle
 Dates:February 12th, 1831
 Captain:Charles Darwin
 Ship:H.M.S. Beagle
 Destination:Voyage around the world.
 Findings:evidence to propose arevolutionary hypothesis
about how life changes over time
 This voyage lasted from 1831 to 1836.
 The Galapagos Island
 The smallest, lowest islands werehot, dry, and nearly
barren-HoodIsland-sparse vegetation
 The higher islands had greaterrainfall and a different
assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had
rich vegetation.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural
Selection
MAIN IDEA: Charles Darwin developed a theory
of evolution based on natural selection.
Why was Darwin’s work
controversial?
Evolution vs. Creationism
 Creationism – belief that God created all
living things to be unique
 Evolution – theory that organisms have
changed over time.
Until the 1800s
 People thought the same types of
organisms on earth were always in
existence
 This changed when scientists found fossils
of organisms no longer on earth
What made Darwin question previous
assumptions on how different organisms
came to be?
Darwin’s Studies
 Observed thousands of different species
 Took careful notes
 Collected specimens
 Studies fossils
DO NOW (Activity 2)
 What is the difference between natural selection
and artificial selection?
 What is the difference between natural selection
and evolution?
Artificial vs. Natural Selection
 Artificial - breeding for desired traits
 Natural – naturally “desired” traits are bred more
often – causes gradual change in species over
time (evolution)
Darwin’s Theory
 Published book: On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection with help from another scientist,
Alfred Russel Wallace
 Theory based on 4 main ideas:
 Variations
 Inheritance of traits
 Overproduction
 Survival of the fittest
Variations
 Variations (differences) occur among members of
the same species
 Ex: different breeds of dogs, horses, cats, etc.
Inheritance of Variations
 Traits are inherited
Overproduction
 Organisms produce more organisms than can
survive and reproduce
 This ensures that some offspring will survive to
reproduce
 Ex: fish, insects, frogs, etc.
Survival of the Fittest
 Organisms with traits that are better for adapting
survive to reproduce
 Pass on these useful traits
 Natural selection – environment determines
which variations will be selected
Peppered Moth Example
 Early 1800s, England
 Peppered moths were mostly light gray; few were
white, few were black (variations)
 Gray blended with tree trunks – birds didn’t see
or eat them, so they survived, but black ones
were eaten
Peppered Moth Cont’d
 Industrial Revolution – many factories built
 Black soot on trees
 Which moths were NOW more likely to survive?
ASSIGNMENT!
1. Once, many years ago, horses were the size
of cats. Now, they are obviously much bigger.
How would Lamarck explain this change?
2. How would Darwin explain it?
Evidence of Evolution
 Fossils
 Anatomy
 Embryos
 Molecules
 Biogeography
Fossil Evidence
 Show extinct species
 Show relationships between current and ancient
organisms
 Show intermediate species – those in between
ancient and modern species
 Difference in traits – derived vs. ancestral
Anatomical Evidence
 Similar structures found in closely related species;
have common ancestor
 Diverse vertebrates have similar limb structures, but
may not have same function –homologous
 Vestigial structures – structures not currently used
by organism; evidence of an organism’s
evolutionary past Ex: hind limbs of dolphins/whales
Homologous Structures
Homologous vs. Analogous
 Remember, homologous – similar STRUCTURE
 Analogous – structures with similar FUNCTIONS,
but different structures/origins
 Ex: bat’s wing and bird’s wing - analogous
Evidence in Embryos
 Pattern of meiosis (gametes)  fertilization 
mitosis (adults)
 All vertebrate embryos have homologous structures
that may not be in adults:
 Tails (most adults keep their tails!)
 Limb buds – become limbs
 Vertebrates have a common ancestor

Molecular Evidence
DNA:
 Basic genetic code for each species
 Ex: humans all have same basic genetic code
 Species that are similar have many similarities in
their DNA
 Species with a more distant ancestor have more
differences in DNA
Molecular Evidence
Proteins:
 Because of similar DNA, organisms of the same
species have the same basic proteins
 Similar species – similar amino acid sequences
in their proteins
Biogeography
 Study of distribution of
organisms on earth
 Similar environments lead
to similar adaptations in
organisms, even if far apart
Adaptations
 Traits that allow for survival
 Fitness – way to measure how effective traits are
 Examples of adaptations:
 Camouflage
 Mimicry
Evolution and Genetics
Population
 Members of same species living in same area
 All genes in a population = gene pool
Population Genetics
 Allele frequency – percent of certain alleles (gene
types) in a population’s gene pool
 Ex: all homozygous red flowers have a 100% frequency
for red alleles
 Usually remains stable in a population
Changes in the Gene Pool
 Changes can occur in the gene pool, which could
cause evolution
 Kinds or percentages of genes can change
 4 things cause these changes
 Natural selection
 Mutation
 Migration
 isolation
4 Factors Change the Gene Pool
1. Natural selection
 Well-adapted organisms survive to reproduce
 Pass on genes to next generation, increasing the gene
frequency
2. Mutation
• Adds a new gene to the gene pool
• Can cause small, immediate change, or go
undetected for generations
• Can be helpful, harmful, or neutral
3. Migration
• Movement of organisms into or out of a population
• Causes gene flow – movement of genes in or out of
populations
4. Isolation
 Organisms become separate from other organisms
(geographic isolation)
 Caused by physical barriers, natural disasters, etc
 Causes speciation
 Causes reproductive isolation between the now
separate species
(Performance Task)
Evolution, Your Choice!
 Pick any species, and create a scenario
as to how it may evolve based on your
assigned factor. Base your predictions
on facts about the species. Describe
and draw your predictions.
The Rate of Evolution
Gradualism
 Evolution through slow change
 Believed to be true by Darwin and many other
scientists
 Fossil evidence supports this
Punctuated Equilibrium
 Species remain unchanged for thousands of
years, then suddenly undergo rapid changes
 Fossil evidence of trilobites – unchanged for
millions of years, then suddenly died off

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Evolution

 Vertebrates have a common ancestor

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