LECTURE 1

REAL LINE, FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS, STRAIGHT LINES

JEROME KESILER PP 1-21

TEACHER: BEKA GVACHLIANI

REAL LINE
• In grade school and high school mathematics, the real number system
is constructed gradually in several stages.
• Beginning with the positive integers, the systems of integers, rational
numbers, and finally real numbers are built up
• After constructing the real numbers, it is possible to prove the familiar
rules for sums,differences, products, quotients, exponents, roots.
• In this course we take it for granted that these rules are familiar to
you so we can proceed as quickly as possible to the calculus
REAL LINE
• Before proceed we have to recall some special points…

• First: division by zero is never allowed

, , ,
• Second, a positive real number x always has two square roots: and - .
always stands for positive square root. Negative real numbers do not
have real square root for example is not defined
REAL LINE
• The letter R is used to denote the set of all real numbers, we think of
real numbers as arranged along the straight line with the integers
marked off at equal intervals as shown on the figure below
REAL LINE
• By a set S of real numbers we mean any collection of real numbers,
called elements of S or points in S
• A simple but important kind of set is an interval. Given two real
numbers a and b with a < b, the closed interval [a,b] is defined as the
set of all real numbers x such that a ≤ x, and x ≤ b, or more concisely
a≤x≤b
• The open interval (a,b) is defined as the set of all real numbers x such
that a< x < b.
REAL LINE
• The difference between the closed interval [a,b] and the open interval (a,b) is
that the endpoints a and b are elements of [a,b] but are not elements of (a,b),
when a b, we say that x is between a and b; when a < x < b,we say that x is
strictly between a and b
• Three other types of sets are also called open interval: (a,, (- and (-, which is the
whole real line (R).
• Besides the open and closed intervals, there is one other kind of interval which is
called half-open interval. The set of all real numbers x such that a x < b is a half
open interval denoted by [a, b)
• The set of all real numbers x such that a x is also half-open interval and is written
as [a, )
REAL LINE
REAL LINE
REAL LINE
• If real numbers correspond to points on a line, ordered pairs of real
numbers correspond to points on a plane

• An ordered pair of real numbers , (a,b) is given by the first number a

and second number b. For example (1,3), (3,1) and (1,-1) are three
different ordered pairs

• Be carefull… ordered pair is not an open interval!!!

REAL LINE/COORDINATE SPACE

• A system of rectangular coordinates in a plane is given by a horizontal and a

vertical copy of the real line crossing at zero. The horizontal line is called x-axis
and vertical line is called the y-axis. The point where the two axes intersect is
called the origin and corresponds to ordered pair (0,0)
• Let consider any point P in the plane. A vertical line through P will cross the x-axes
at a real number and a horizontal line through P will cross the y-axes at . The
ordered pair (, ) obtained in this way corresponds to the point P.
REAL LINE/COORDINATE SPACE
• The x and y-axes divide the rest of the plane into four parts called
quadrants. The quadrants are numbered as shown in the figure
REAL LINE/DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
• Let P(, ) and Q(, ) be two different points in the (x,y) plane. As we move from P to
Q the coordinates x and y will change by amounts that we denote by so:
change in x = =-
change in y = = -
• The quantities may be positive or negative.
REAL LINE/DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
REAL LINE/DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
• To think about function better it is convenient to visualize them, by drawing
graph.
• The graph of a real function f of one variable is the set of all points P(x,y) in
the plane such that y=f(x)
• To draw the graph we plot the value of x on the horizontal, or x-axis and the
value of f(x) on the vertical or y-axis.
• How can we tell whether a set of points in the plane is the graph of some
function? By reading the definition of a function again we have an answer.
• A set of points in the plane is the graph of some function f if and only if for
each vertical line one of the following happens:
• Exactly one point on the line belongs to the set
• No point on the line belongs to the set
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
• For a given real number c, the function f with the rule f(x)=c is called
the constant function with value c. it has domain R and range {c}
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
FUNCTIONS OF REAL NUMBERS
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
• The slope is a measure of the direction of the line. Figure 1.3.2 shows
lines with zero, positive, and negative slopes.
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
STRAIGHT LINES
EXERCISES
 X -1 -1/2 0 1/2 1
F(X) 1 1/2 0 1/2 1
THE IS NOT THE FUNCTION WHY? WHEN
X=2 THERE ARE TWO VALUES OF Y Y=3 AND
Y=4 WHICH MEANS BY DEFINITION THE SET
IS NOT A FUNCTION.

Yes BECAUSE FOR EACH X THERE IS UNIQUE

F(2)=1+2+2*2=7
F(T)=1+T+T*T
F(G(T))=1+G(T)+G(T)*G(T)
Find the domain of the function: f(x)=
Answer: The function is defined when denominator is different from 0,
in other words which means or . So the domain of the function is
R/{1,-1}, which means all real numbers except 1 and -1

Find the domain of the function: f(x) =

Answer: The function is defined when the expression under square root
sign is greater or equal to 0, in other words or , which means or . So
the domain of the function is R/(-1,1) which means all real numbers
that are less or equal to -1 or greater or equal to 1.
Find the domain of the function: f(x) =
Answer: The function is defined when the expression under square root
sign is greater or equal to 0, in other words . So the domain of the
function is all positive real numbers and 0
Find the domain of the function: f(x) =
Answer: The function is defined when the expression under square root
sign is greater than 0, in other words or , which means and . So the
domain of the function is the interval (-1,1)
Y-=m(x-) where slope m is defined as m==
• 1. P(1,2) and Q(3,4)
Answer: m====1 then the equation of the line will be
y-2=1*(x-1) simplify: y-2=x-1 and finally: y=x+1

• 2. P(1,-3) and Q(0,2)

Answer: m====-5 then the equation of the line will be
y-(-3)=-5(x-1) simplify: y+3=-5x+5 and finally: y=-5x+2

• 5. P(3,0) and Q(0,1)

Answer: m====-3 then the equation of the line will be
y-0=-3(x-3) simplify: y=-3x+9 and finally: y=-3x+9
• 1. m=2 and P(3,3)
Answer: the equation of the line will be y-3=2(x-3) simplify: y-3=2x-6
and finally: y=2x-3.

• 2. m=3 and P(-2,1)

Answer: the equation of the line will be y-1=3(x-(-2)) simplify: y-
1=3x+6 and finally: y=3x+7.

• 3. m=-1/2 and P(1,-4)

Answer: the equation of the line will be y+4=-1/2*(x-1) simplify:
y+4=-1/2*x+1/2 and finally: y=-1/2*x-9/2.
• What is the equation of a line through the origin with slope m
Answer: The line which goes through the origin crosses the origin at
point P(0,0) so the equation of the line will be y-0=m(x-0) or y=mx

• Find the points at which the line ax+by+c=0 crosses the x-axis and y-
axes.(Assume that a and b)
Answer: The value of y when the line crosses x axes is 0 so if we
substitute y=0 in the equation we will find the value of x. that is
ax+0+c=0 so x=-c/a. On the other hand when the line crosses y axes the
value of x is zero therefore we can find the value of y by substituting
x=0 in the equation that is 0+by+c=0 so y=-c/b.
• 1.P(2,9) and Q(1,-13)
Answer: Distance====

• 4.P(-1,-1) and Q(4,4)

Answer: Distance====
P(0,32) and Q(100, 212)
C-C0=m(F-F0)
m=(C2-C1)/(F2-F1)=(100-0)/(212-
32)=100/180

C-0=100/180(F-32)
C=100/180F-100/180*32
23. Constant velocity 3 means that m=3. if particle at time t=2 is at y=8 than the point can be defined as
P(2,8) so the equation of a line that defines the motion is y-8=3(t-2) or y-8=3t-6 finally y=3t+2

24. Constant velocity 1/4 means that m=1/4. if particle at time t=0 is at y=1 than the point can be defined as
P(0,1) so the equation of a line that defines the motion is y-1=1/4*(t-1) or y-1=1/4*t-1/4 finally y=1/4*t+3/4
THANKS FOR ATTETION