Physical Aspect of Computer

Network
Lesson 5
Transmission Modes
• The way in which data is transmitted from one device
to another device is known as transmission mode.
• The transmission mode is also known as the
communication mode.
• Each communication channel has a direction
associated with it, and transmission media provide
the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is
also known as a directional mode.
• The transmission mode is defined in the physical
layer.
Categories of Transmission Mode

• Simplex
- The communication is unidirectional. The data
flow in one direction.
- A device can only send the data but cannot
receive it or it can receive the data but cannot
send the data.
- the main advantage of the simplex mode is that
the full capacity of the communication channel
can be utilized during transmission.
Categories of Transmission Mode

• Half- Duplex mode

- In a Hal-Duplex channel, direction can be reversed,
the station can transmit and receive the data as well.
- Message flow in both the directions, but not at the
same time.
- The entire bandwidth of the communication
channel is utilized in one direction at a time.
- In half-duplex mode, it is possible to perform the
error detection, and if any error occurs, then the
receiver request the sender to retransmit the data.
Categories of Transmission Mode

• Full-Duplex mode
- in full duplex mode, the communication is bi-
directional, the data flow is both the direction.
- both stations can send and receive the message
simultaneously.
- full-duplex mode has two simplex channel. One
channel has traffic moving in one direction, and
another channel has traffic flowing in the opposite
direction.
-the Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of
communication between devices.
Transmission Media
• Transmission media is a communication channel that
carries the information from the sender to the receiver.
Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signal.
• The main functionality of the transmission media is to
carry the information in the form of bits through LAN
• It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in
data communication
• The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire,
fibre optic, atmosphere, water, and vacuum.
• Transmission media has two types the wired and wireless.
• Different transmission media have different properties
such as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of installation
and maintenance.
Factors need to considered for designing
the transmission media
• Bandwidth: all the factors are remaining constant,
the greater the bandwidth of a medium, the higher the
data transmission rate of signal.
• Transmission impairment: when the received
signal is not identical to the transmitted one due to the
transmission impairment. The quality of the signals
will get destroyed due to transmission impairment.
• Interference: an interference is defined as the
process of disrupting a signal when it travels over a
communication medium on the addition of some
unwanted signal.
Causes of Transmission Impairment
• Attenuation: Attenuation means the loss of energy.
The strength of the signal decreases with increasing
the distances which causes the loss of energy.
• Distortion: Distortion occurs when there is a change
in the shape of the signal. This type of distortion is
examined from different signals having different
frequencies. Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed, so they reach at a different time
which leads to the delay distortion.
• Noise: when data is travelled over a transmission
medium, some unwanted signal is added to it which
creates the noise.
Classification of transmission Media
• Guided Transmission Media
• Unguided Transmission Media
Guided Media
• Guided media also known as a conducted media.
• It is defined as the physical medium through
which the signals are transmitted. It is also know
as bounded media.
• Types of Guided media:
- Twisted Pair
- Coaxial Cable
-Fibre Optic
Twisted Pair Cable
• Twisted Pair is a physical media made up of a pair twisted with each
other. A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other
transmission media.
• Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a lightweight
cable. The frequency range for twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.
• A twisted pair consist of two insulated copper wires arranged in a
regular spiral pattern.
• Types of twisted pair:
- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): an unshielded twisted pair is widely
used in telecommunication
- Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): A shielded twisted pair is a cable that
contains the mesh surrounding the wire that allows the higher
transmission rate.
 Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission
media, for example, TV wire usually a coaxial cable.
• The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two
conductors parallel to each other.
• It has a higher frequency as compared to twisted pair
cable.
• Coaxial cable has two types of transmission:
- Baseband transmission: it is defined as the process of
transmitting a single signal at high speed.
- Broadband transmission: it is defined as the process
of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously.
Fibre Optic
• Fibre Optic is a cable that uses electrical signal for
communication.
• Fibre Optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres
coated in plastic that are used to send the data by
pulses of light.
• Fibre Optic provide faster data transmission than
copper wires.
• Three mode of transmission in fibre optic
- Single Mode:
- Multimode graded index:
- Multimode step- index
Unguided Media
• An unguided transmission transmits the
electromagnetic waves without using any physical
medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless
transmission or Radiated media
• In unguided media, air is the media through which the
electromagnetic energy can flow easily.
• Unguided transmission is broadly classified into three
categories:
- Radio waves
-Microwaves
-Infrared
Radio waves
• Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that
are transmitted in all direction of free space.
• Radio waves are omnidirectional, the signal are
propagated in all direction.
• The range in frequencies of radio waves is from
3Khz to 1khz.
• An example of the radio wave is FM radio.
Microwaves
• Two types of Microwaves:
- Terrestrial Microwave
-Satellite Microwave
• Terrestrial Microwaves transmission is a technology that transmits
the focused beam of a radio signal from one ground-based
microwave transmission antenna to another. Microwaves are the
electromagnetic waves having the frequency in the range from 1GHz
to 100Ghz. Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and
receiving antenna is to be aligned, the wave sent by the sending
antenna are narrowly focussed.
• Satellite Microwave is a physical object that revolves around the
earth at a known height. Satellite communication is more reliable
nowadays as it offer more flexibility than cable and fibre optic
system.
Infrared
• An infrared transmission is a wireless
technology used for communication over short
ranges.
• The frequency of the infrared in the range from
300 GHz to 400 THz.
• It is used for short range communication such as
data transfer between two cell phone, TV remote
operation, data transfer between a computer and
cell phone resides in the same closed area.
Types of Propagation in Unguided Media

• Ground Wave Propagation:

-Follows contour of the earth
- can propagate considerable distances
-frequencies up to 2MHz
• Sky Wave Propagation:
-Signal reflected from ionized layer of atmosphere back down to
earth
-signal can travel a number of hops back and forth between
ionosphere and earth’s surface
-Reflection effect caused by refraction
• Line of Sight Propagation:
-transmitting and receiving antenna must be within line of sight
-frequency more than 30MHz