1

Python Programming
Using Problem Solving Approach

Reema Thareja

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 CHAPTER 3
Basics of Python Programming

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Features of Python
• Simple • Embeddable
• Easy to Learn • Extensive
• Versatile • Easy maintenance
• Free and Open Source • Secure
• High-level Language • Robust
• Interactive • Multi-threaded
• Portable • Garbage Collection
• Object Oriented
• Interpreted
• Dynamic
• Extensible 3

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Limitations of Python
Parallel processing can be done in Python but not as elegantly as done in some other languages (like JavaScript and
Go Lang).
• Being an interpreted language, Python is slow as compared to C/C++. Python is not a very good choice for those
developing a high-graphic 3d game that takes up a lot of CPU.
• As compared to other languages, Python is evolving continuously and there is little substantial documentation
available for the language.
• As of now, there are few users of Python as compared to those using C, C++ or Java.
• It lacks true multiprocessor support.
• It has very limited commercial support point.
• Python is slower than C or C++ when it comes to computation heavy tasks and desktop applications.
• It is difficult to pack up a big Python application into a single executable file. This makes it difficult to distribute 4

Python to non-technical. © OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Applications of Python
• Embedded scripting language: Python is used as an embedded scripting language for various testing/ building/
deployment/ monitoring frameworks, scientific apps, and quick scripts.
• 3D Software: 3D software like Maya uses Python for automating small user tasks, or for doing more complex
integration such as talking to databases and asset management systems.
• Web development: Python is an easily extensible language that provides good integration with database and other
web standards.
GUI-based desktop applications: Simple syntax, modular architecture, rich text processing tools and the ability to
work on multiple operating systems makes Python a preferred choice for developing desktop-based applications.
• Image processing and graphic design applications: Python is used to make 2D imaging software such as Inkscape,
GIMP, Paint Shop Pro and Scribus. It is also used to make 3D animation packages, like Blender, 3ds Max, Cinema
4D, Houdini, Lightwave and Maya.
© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5
 Applications of Python
• Scientific and computational applications: Features like high speed, productivity and availability of tools, such as
Scientific Python and Numeric Python, have made Python a preferred language to perform computation and
processing of scientific data. 3D modeling software, such as FreeCAD, and finite element method software, like
Abaqus, are coded in Python.
Games: Python has various modules, libraries, and platforms that support development of games. Games like
Civilization-IV, Disney's Toontown Online, Vega Strike, etc. are coded using Python.
• Enterprise and business applications: Simple and reliable syntax, modules and libraries, extensibility, scalability
together make Python a suitable coding language for customizing larger applications. For example, Reddit which was
originally written in Common Lips, was rewritten in Python in 2005. A large part of Youtube code is also written in
Python.
• Operating Systems: Python forms an integral part of Linux distributions. 6

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

PYTHON SCRIPT – INTERPRETATION PROCESS

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

 Writing and Executing First Python Program

Step 1: Open an editor.

Step 2: Write the instructions
Step 3: Save it as a file with the filename having the extension .py.
Step 4: Run the interpreter with the command python program_name.py or use IDLE to run the programs.
To execute the program at the command prompt, simply change your working directory to C:\Python34 (or move to
the directory where you have saved Python) then type python program_name.py.
If you want to execute the program in Python shell, then just press F5 key or click on Run Menu and then select
Run Module.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Literal Constants
The value of a literal constant can be used directly in programs. For example, 7, 3.9, 'A', and "Hello" are literal
constants.
Numbers refers to a numeric value. You can use four types of numbers in Python program- integers, long integers,
floating point and complex numbers.
• Numbers like 5 or other whole numbers are referred to as integers. Bigger whole numbers are called long integers.
For example, 535633629843L is a long integer.
• Numbers like are 3.23 and 91.5E-2 are termed as floating point numbers.
• Numbers of a + bi form (like -3 + 7i) are complex numbers.
Examples
:

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Literal Constants
Strings
A string is a group of characters.
• Using Single Quotes ('): For example, a string can be written as 'HELLO'.
• Using Double Quotes ("): Strings in double quotes are exactly same as those in single quotes. Therefore, 'HELLO' is
same as "HELLO".
• Using Triple Quotes (''' '''): You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes. You can use as many single quotes
and double quotes as you want in a string within triple quotes.
Examples
:

10

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Escape Sequences
Some characters (like ", \) cannot be directly included in a string. Such characters must be escaped by placing a
backslash before them.

Example:

11

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Raw Strings
If you want to specify a string that should not handle any escape sequences and want to display exactly as specified
then you need to specify that string as a raw string. A raw string is specified by prefixing r or R to the string.

Example:

12

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Variables and Identifiers
Variable means its value can vary. You can store any piece of information in a variable. Variables are nothing but
just parts of your computer’s memory where information is stored. To be identified easily, each variable is given
an appropriate name.
Identifiers are names given to identify something. This something can be a variable, function, class, module or
other object. For naming any identifier, there are some basic rules like:
• The first character of an identifier must be an underscore ('_') or a letter (upper or lowercase).
• The rest of the identifier name can be underscores ('_'), letters (upper or lowercase), or digits (0-9).
• Identifier names are case-sensitive. For example, myvar and myVar are not the same.
• Punctuation characters such as @, $, and % are not allowed within identifiers.
Examples of valid identifier names are sum, __my_var, num1, r, var_20, First, etc.
Examples of invalid identifier names are 1num, my-var, %check, Basic Sal, H#R&A, etc. 13

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 PYTHON – DYNAMICALLY TYPED

 Python variable assignment is different from some of the popular languages like c, c++ and java. There is no
declaration of a variable, just an assignment statement.
 Python is a dynamically typed language. It doesn’t know about the type of the variable until the code is run. So
declaration is of no use.
 What it does is, It stores that value at some memory location and then binds that variable name to that memory
container.
 And makes the contents of the container accessible through that variable name.
 So the data type does not matter, as it will get to know the type of the value at run-time.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14

 Assigning or Initializing Values to Variables
In Python, programmers need not explicitly declare variables to reserve memory space. The declaration is done
automatically when a value is assigned to the variable using the equal sign (=). The operand on the left side of equal
sign is the name of the variable and the operand on its right side is the value to be stored in that variable.

Example:

15

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Data Type Boolean
Boolean is another data type in Python. A variable of Boolean type can have one of the two values- True or False.
Similar to other variables, the Boolean variables are also created while we assign a value to them or when we use a
relational operator on them.
Examples
:

16

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Input Operation
To take input from the users, Python makes use of the input() function. The input() function prompts the user to
provide some information on which the program can work and give the result. However, we must always
remember that the input function takes user’s input as a string.
Example:

17

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Comments
Comments are the non-executable statements in a program. They are just added to describe the statements in the
program code. Comments make the program easily readable and understandable by the programmer as well as
other users who are seeing the code. The interpreter simply ignores the comments.
In Python, a hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters following the # and up
to the end of the line are part of the comment

Example:

18

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Indentation
Whitespace at the beginning of the line is called indentation. These whitespaces or the indentation are very important
in Python. In a Python program, the leading whitespace including spaces and tabs at the beginning of the logical line
determines the indentation level of that logical line.

Example:

19

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 PYTHON DATA TYPES

Built-in Data Types

In programming, data type is an important concept.
Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things.

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20
None Type: NoneType
 PYTHON DATA TYPES

Getting the Data Type

You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function:

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21

Arithmetic Operators

22

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Comparison Operators

23

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Unary Operators
Unary operators act on single operands. Python supports unary minus operator. Unary minus operator is
strikingly different from the arithmetic operator that operates on two operands and subtracts the second operand
from the first operand. When an operand is preceded by a minus sign, the unary operator negates its value.
For example, if a number is positive, it becomes negative when preceded with a unary minus operator. Similarly, if
the number is negative, it becomes positive after applying the unary minus operator. Consider the given example.
b = 10 a = -(b)
The result of this expression, is a = -10, because variable b has a positive value. After applying unary minus
operator (-) on the operand b, the value becomes -10, which indicates it as a negative value.

24

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Bitwise Operators
As the name suggests, bitwise operators perform operations at the bit level. These operators include bitwise AND,
bitwise OR, bitwise XOR, and shift operators. Bitwise operators expect their operands to be of integers and treat
them as a sequence of bits.
The truth tables of these bitwise operators are given below.

25

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26
 Shift Operators
Python supports two bitwise shift operators. They are shift left (<<) and shift right (>>). These operations are used
to shift bits to the left or to the right. The syntax for a shift operation can be given as follows:
Examples
:

x>>4 gives x = 0000 0001

27

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Logical Operators
Logical and operator is used to simultaneously evaluate two conditions or expressions with relational operators. If
expressions on both the sides (left and right side) of the logical operator are true, then the whole expression is true. For
example, If we have an expression (a>b) and (b>c), then the whole expression is true only if both expressions are true.
That is, if b is greater than a and c.
Logical or operator is used to simultaneously evaluate two conditions or expressions with relational operators. If one or
both the expressions of the logical operator is true, then the whole expression is true. For example, If we have an
expression (a>b) or (b>c), then the whole expression is true if either b is greater than a or b is greater than c.
Logical not operator takes a single expression and negates the value of the expression. Logical NOT produces a zero if
the expression evaluates to a non-zero value and produces a 1 if the expression produces a zero. In other words, it just
reverses the value of the expression. For example, a = 10, b b = not a; Now, the value of b = 0. The value of a is not zero,
therefore, not a = 0. The value of !a is assigned to b, hence, the result.
28

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Membership and Identity Operators
Python supports two types of membership operators–in and not in. These operators, test for membership in a
sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in Operator: The operator returns true if a variable is found in the specified sequence and false otherwise. For
example, a in nums returns 1, if a is a member of nums.
not in Operator: The operator returns true if a variable is not found in the specified sequence and false otherwise.
For example, a not in nums returns 1, if a is not a member of nums.

Identity Operators
is Operator: Returns true if operands or values on both sides of the operator point to the same object and false
otherwise. For example, if a is b returns 1, if id(a) is same as id(b).
is not Operator: Returns true if operands or values on both sides of the operator does not point to the same object
29
and false otherwise. For example, if a is not b returns 1, if id(a) is not same as id(b).
© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
 Expressions
An expression is any legal combination of symbols (like variables, constants and operators) that represents a value. In
Python, an expression must have at least one operand (variable or constant) and can have one or more operators. On
evaluating an expression, we get a value. Operand is the value on which operator is applied.
Constant Expressions: One that involves only constants. Example: 8 + 9 – 2
Integral Expressions: One that produces an integer result after evaluating the expression. Example:
a = 10
• Floating Point Expressions: One that produces floating point results. Example: a * b / 2
• Relational Expressions: One that returns either true or false value. Example: c = a>b
• Logical Expressions: One that combines two or more relational expressions and returns a value as True or False.
Example: a>b && y! = 0
• Bitwise Expressions: One that manipulates data at bit level. Example: x = y&z
30

• Assignment Expressions: One that assigns a value to a variable. Example: c = a + b or c = 10

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 The operator precedence in Python is listed in the following table. It is in descending order (upper group has higher precedence than the lower ones).

Operators Description Associativity

() Parentheses Left to right
x[index], x[index:index] Subscription, slicing Left to right
** Exponentiation Right to left
+x, -x, ~x Positive, negative, bitwise NOT Right to left
Multiplication, matrix, division, floor division,
*, @, /, //, % Left to right
remainder
+, – Addition and subtraction Left to right
<<, >> Shifts Left to right
& Bitwise AND Left to right
^ Bitwise XOR Left to right
| Bitwise OR Left to right
in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, == Comparisons, membership tests, identity tests Left to Right
not x Boolean NOT Right to left
and Boolean AND Left to right
or Boolean OR Left to right
if-else Conditional expression Right to left
© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31
lambda Lambda expression N/A
:= Assignment expression (walrus operator) Right to left
 Operations on Strings

Examples
:

32

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Slice Operations on Strings
You can extract subsets of strings by using the slice operator ([ ] and [:]). You need to specify index or the range of
index of characters to be extracted. The index of the first character is 0 and the index of the last character is n-1,
where n is the number of characters in the string.
If you want to extract characters starting from the end of the string, then you must specify the index as a negative
number. For example, the index of the last character is -1.
Examples
:

33

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Lists
Lists are the most versatile data type of Python language. A list consist of items separated by commas and enclosed
within square brackets The values stored in a list are accessed using indexes. The index of the first element being 0 and
n-1 as that of the last element, where n is the total number of elements in the list. Like strings, you can also use the slice,
concatenation and repetition operations on lists.
Examples
:

34

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Tuples
A tuple is similar to the list as it also consists of a number of values separated by commas and enclosed within
parentheses. The main difference between lists and tuples is that you can change the values in a list but not in a tuple.
This means that while tuple is a read only data type, the list is not.

Examples
:

35

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Dictionary
Python’s dictionaries stores data in key-value pairs. The key values are usually strings and value can be of any data
type. The key value pairs are enclosed with curly braces ({ }). Each key value pair separated from the other using a
colon (:). To access any value in the dictionary, you just need to specify its key in square braces ([]).Basically
dictionaries are used for fast retrieval of data

Example:

36

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Type Conversion
In Python, it is just not possible to complete certain operations that involves different types of data. For example, it is
not possible to perform "2" + 4 since one operand is an integer and the other is of string type.
Example:

37

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 Type Casting vs Type Coercion
In the last slide, we have done explicit conversion of a value from one data type to another. This is known as type
casting.
However, in most of the programming languages including Python, there is an implicit conversion of data types
either during compilation or during run-time. This is also known type coercion. For example, in an expression that
has integer and floating point numbers (like 21 + 2.1 gives 23.1), the compiler will automatically convert the integer
into floating point number so that fractional part is not lost.

38

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

 PYTHON OBJECTS

• Understanding the concept of objects is crucial in Python programming.

• Objects are instances of classes, and they play a central role in the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm.
 Definition of Objects
• In Python, everything is an object.
• Objects encapsulate data and behavior.
• They are instances of classes, which are user-defined data types.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39

EXAMPLE OF CREATING OBJECT

# Creating an object of class 'Person'

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

person1 = Person("John", 25)

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40

CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS

Key Characteristics
Attributes
•Objects have attributes that store data.
•In the example, name and age are attributes of the Person object.
Methods
•Objects have methods that define their behavior.
•Methods are functions associated with objects.
Encapsulation
•Objects encapsulate data and methods, promoting modular and organized code.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41

INTRODUCTION TO OOP IN PYTHON

 Core Concepts
• Classes: Blueprint for creating objects.
• Inheritance: Enables a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.
• Polymorphism: Allows objects to take on multiple forms.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42

ADVANTAGES OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

 Reusability
• Objects and classes promote code reuse.
• Classes can be instantiated multiple times to create different objects.
 Modularity
• Objects provide a modular structure, enhancing code organization.
• Changes in one part of the code do not affect other parts, fostering maintainability.
 Abstraction
• Objects allow abstraction of complex systems, making code more understandable and manageable.

© OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43