UNIT-2

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Classification Components and their function.

Actual and theoretical p-V diagram of four
stroke and two stroke engines. Valve timing
diagram and port timing diagram. Battery and
Magneto Ignition System Principles of
Combustion and knocking in SI and CI Engines.
Lubrication and Cooling systems. Performance
calculation. Concepts of Supercharging and
Turbocharging–Emission Norms.
 BASICS

• Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by

combustion or oxidation
• Heat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical
energy
• Thermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases
within engine, and gas expands against mechanical mechanisms of engine.

Combustion
• Internal: fuel is burned within the engine proper (including e.g. rocket
engines, jet Engines, firearms)
• External: combustion is external to the engine (e.g. steam,
Stirling engine, gas turbine)
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES

 Ignition -S.I, C.I

 Cycle of Operation -Otto, diesel, dual
 Number of strokes -4s, 2s
 Fuel used -petrol, diesel, gas
 Cooling -air, water
 Number of cylinders -1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16
 Valve location -L,F,I,T
 Arrangement of cylinders -Vertical,Horizon,V,Radial,Oppos
 Speed of the engine -Low, Medium, High
 Type of lubrication system -Wet, Dry
 Method of governing -Quality, Quantity, Hit&Miss
 Field of Application -Automobile, Marine, Aircraft,etc
OVER HEADED CAM ENGINE
 IC ENGINE COMPONENTS
• CYLINDER BLOCK • CRAKSHAFT
• CYLINDER HEAD • SPARK PLUG
• CYLINDER LINER • TIMING GEAR
• PISTON • FLYWHEEL
• PISTON RINGS
• VALVES
• CAM SHAFT
 CYLINDER BLOCK

• Block : Body of the engine containing cylinders, made of cast iron or aluminium.
• Cylinder : The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the pistons reciprocate
back and forth.
• Head : The piece which closes the end of the cylinders, usually containing part of the
clearance volume of the combustion chamber.
CYLINDER LINER
 PISTON

A sliding plug that harnesses the force of the burning

gases in the cylinder.
 PISTON RINGS

• Piston rings: Metal rings that fit

into circumferential grooves
around the piston and form a
sliding surface against the
cylinder walls.
 PISTON PIN

Also known as the wrist pin, it connects the piston to

the small end of the connecting rod.
It transfers the force and allows the rod to swing back
and forth.
 VALVE

Doorway that lets the gases in and

out of the engine.
 CONNECTING ROD

Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the

rotating crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging
in most engines but may be aluminum in some small
engines.
CAM SHAFT

Camshaft : Rotating shaft used to push open

valves at the proper time in the engine cycle,
either directly or through mechanical or
hydraulic linkage (push rods, rocker arms,
tappets) .
 CRANK SHAFT

Crankshaft : Rotating shaft through which engine work output is supplied to

external systems.
– The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with the main
bearings.
– It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through the connecting rods
connected to the crankshaft, offset from the axis of rotation. This
offset is sometimes called crank throw or crank radius.
 SPARK PLUG

Electric match used to begin the combustion process of

burning air and gasoline to create heat.
 TIMING GEARS

These gears drive the camshaft from the crankshaft.

 FLYWHEEL

Carries the inertia when there is no

power stroke.
ENGINE TERMINOLOGIES
• Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston when it stops at the
furthest point away from the crankshaft.
– Top because this position is at the top of the engines (not always),
and dead because the piston stops as this point. Because in some
engines TDC is not at the top of the engines (e.g: horizontally
opposed engines, radial engines, etc,.) Some sources call this
position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).
– Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).
– When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the cylinder is a
minimum called the clearance volume.
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of the piston when it stops at the
point closest to the crankshaft.
– Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the engine.Some source
call this point Bottom Center (BC).
• Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme position to the
other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
• Bore :It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter; piston
face diameter is same as cylinder diameter( minus small clearance).
• Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced by
the piston as it travels through one stroke.
– Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.
– Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire
engine (one cylinder times number of cylinders).
• Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the cylinder
available for the charge (air or air fuel mixture) when the
piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or outer
dead center) during compression stroke of the cycle.
– Minimum volume of combustion chamber with
piston at TDC.
• Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to clearance
volume of the cylinder is the compression ratio of the engine.
– Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies
from 6 to 10 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to
24
 Intake Stroke

• Intake valve opens.

• Piston moves down, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• A vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
• Atmospheric pressure
pushes the air/fuel mixture
into the cylinder.
Compression Stroke

• Valves close.
• Piston moves up, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• Air/fuel mixture is
compressed.
• Fuel starts to vaporize
and heat begins to
build.
 Power Stroke

• Valves remain closed.

• Spark plug fires
igniting fuel mixture.
• Piston moves down, ½
turn of crankshaft.
• Heat is converted to
mechanical energy.
Exhaust Stroke

• Exhaust valve opens.

• Piston move up,
crankshaft makes ½
turn.
• Exhaust gases are
pushed out polluting
the atmosphere.
Four Stroke SI Engine Animation
Four Stroke Diesel Engine Animation
 Two-stroke Basics

This is what a two-stroke

engine looks like:
 Two-stroke engines have three important advantages over
four-stroke engines

• Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which simplifies

their construction and lowers their weight.

• Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution, while four-

stroke engines fire once every other revolution. This gives
two-stroke engines a significant power boost.

• Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation, which can

be important in something like a chainsaw. A standard
four-stroke engine may have problems with oil flow unless
it is upright, and solving this problem can add complexity
to the engine.
 Two Stroke Advantages
• These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler
and less expensive to manufacture.

• Two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack about twice

the power into the same space because there are twice as many
power strokes per revolution.

• The combination of light weight and twice the power gives

two-stroke engines a great power-to-weight ratio compared to
many four-stroke engine designs.
Two Stroke Cycle
 Operation of two-stroke engine
The two stroke engine employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to achieve all the elements of
the cycle in only two strokes of the piston.

360 degrees rotation of crankshaft

completes the cycle.
 Intake & Compression stroke
Intake. The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into
the crankcase by the vacuum created during the
upward stroke of the piston through the reed valve.

Compression. The piston then rises, driven by

flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel
mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke
is happening beneath the piston).
 Power & Exhaust/Transfer Stroke
Power. At the top of the stroke the
spark plug ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands, driving
the piston downward.

Exhaust/Transfer:Toward the end of the stroke,

the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the
compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to
escape around the piston into the main cylinder.
This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust
port, usually located on the opposite side of the
cylinder.
Two stroke SI Engine Animation
Two Stroke Diesel Engine Animation
TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
THEORITICAL VALVE DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE
OTTO CYCLE
ACTUAL VALVE DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE
OTTO CYCLE
P-V Diagram for Four stroke SI Engine
ACTUAL VALVE DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE
DIESEL CYCLE
Theoretical PV Diagram for 4Stroke
Diesel Engine
Actual PV Diagram for 4 Stroke Diesel
Engine
Theoretical and Actual PV Diagram for
2Stroke SI Engine
Theoretical and Actual PV Diagram for
2Stroke Diesel Engine
Port Timing Diagram for 2Stroke Diesel
Engine
 LUBRICATION SYSTEM
• Mist Lubrication system
• Wet sump lubrication system
– Splash lubrication system
– Full pressure lubrication system
– Semi pressure lubrication system
• Dry sump lubrication system
WET SUMP LUBRICATION
Splash Lubrication system
Full Pressure Lubrication System
 Semi Pressure Lubrication System
Semi lubrication system is a combination of both
splash and pressure lubrication.
DRY SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM
Thermosyphon cooling
PUMP CIRCULATION SYSTEM
IGNITION SYSTEM
BATTERY COIL IGNITION SYSTEM
MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
COMBUSTION IN SI AND CI ENGINE
STAGES OF COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINE

• IGNITION LAG
• PROPAGATION OF FLAME
• AFTER BURNING
STAGES OF COMBUSTION IN CI ENGINE
 KNOCKING (or) DETONATION
• Thus a very sudden rise of pressure during
combustion accompanied by metallic hammer
like sound is called detonation.
 EFFECT OF DETONATION
• NOISE AND ROUGHNESS
• MECHANICAL DAMAGE
• CARBON DEPOSITS
• INCREASE IN HEAT TRANSFER
• DECREASE IN POWER OUTPUT AND
EFFICIENCY
• PRE-IGNITION.
TURBOCHARGING
SUPERCHARGING