Lesson 2:

The Characteristics,
Processes, and Ethics
of Research
Here starts the
lesson!
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students
were able to:
1. Share knowledge and experiences about research

2. Describe the characteristics, processes and ethics of

research

3. Provide examples of research in areas of interest

Characteristic of
Research
1. Empirical - Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher.

2. Logical - Research is based on valid

procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical - Research is a cyclical process

because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.

4. Analytical - Research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
Characteristic of
Research
5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.

6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a

methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability - The research design and

procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results
 STEP
The Seven Steps of the 3:
Research Process Plan your research design including your
STEP sample (Methodology).
STEP
1: 4:
Define and develop your topic (Research Gather necessary data using open ended
Problem). Factors to Consider in Selecting a questions (for qualitative research) and closed-
Research Problem ended questionnaire or paper pencil test
Research Problem questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data
1. Researcher‘s area of interest Gathering Activities).
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
STEP
2:
Find background information about your
chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).
 STEP
The Seven Steps of the
7:
Research Process
STEP Define new problem.

5:
Process and analyze data using thematic
analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical
tools (for quantitative research).
STEP
6:

Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative

research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.
Ethics in
Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the

responsible conduct of research which
educates and monitors researchers to
ensure high standard. It promotes the aim
of research, such as expanding
knowledge and supports the values
required for collaborative work, such as
mutual respect and fairness.
ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to
privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
What are these ethics in research?
1. Informed Consent. This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in
your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and
the schedule of one-on one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to
the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty. It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

4. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work
and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.
What are these ethics in research?
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and
other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for

publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare
and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
What are these ethics in research?
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex,
race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
Data Privacy Act of
2012
• Republic Act No. 10173, also known as
Data Privacy Act of 2012
• This law protect individual personal
information and communication systems in
the government and private sector.
• An independent body known as National
Privacy Commission was created to
administer and implement the provisions
of this act and to monitor and ensure
compliance of the country to the
international standards set for data
protection.
RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH 1. Human Rights
PARTICIPANT They are moral principles or norms that
S describe certain standards of human behavior
and are regularly protected as natural and legal
rights. They constitute a set of rights and
duties necessary for the protection of human
dignity, inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property.
It protects creations of the mind, which have
both a moral and a commercial value.
 3. Copyright Infringement.
RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH It is the use or production of copyright-protected
material without permission of the copyright holder.
PARTICIPANT Copyright infringement means that the rights
S accorded to the copyright holder, such as the
exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are
breached by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper
payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without
permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper
credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
RIGHTS OF 4. Voluntary Participation.
RESEARCH People must not be coerced into participating
PARTICIPANT in research process. Essentially, this means
S that prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks
involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.

5. Anonymity.
It is the protection of people’s identity through
not disclosing their name or not exposing their
identity. It is a situation in data gathering
activities in which informant’s name is not
given nor known.
RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH 6. Privacy.
PARTICIPANT It is someone’s right to keep his personal
S matters and relationships secret. It is the
ability of an individual to seclude him from
disturbance of any research activity.
 ETHICAL
STANDARDS IN
RESEARCH
WRITING
Research Misconduct includes
fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It
doesn’t include honest error of differences
of opinion. It can erode trust between
researchers and funding agencies, which
make it more difficult for colleagues at the
same institution to receive grants.
 PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism refers to the act of using
another person’s ideas, works, processes,
and results without giving due credit. It
should not be tolerated as the unauthorized
use of original works, a violation of
intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are considered
plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations and
borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language
in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and
paraphrases in your own words.
Types of Plagiarism
Thanks for CREDITS
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