Political Ideologies of India

Political ideologies of
India
Subtitle
Socialism in India
▪ Democratic Socialism
Socialism in Indian Constitution
▪ Article 38: The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing
and protecting a social order by ensuring social, economic and political justice and by
minimising inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities
▪ Articles 39: The State shall in particular, direct its policies towards securing:
▪ Right to an adequate means of livelihood to all the citizens.
▪ The ownership and control of material resources shall be organised in a manner to
serve the common good.
▪ The State shall avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands.
▪ Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
▪ The protection of the strength and health of the workers.
▪ Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.
Socialism in Indian Constitution
▪ Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public

assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disability.
▪ Article 42: The State shall make provisions for securing just and
humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
▪ Article 43: The State shall endeavour to secure to all workers a living
wage and a decent standard of life.
▪ Article 43A: The State shall take steps to secure the participation of
workers in the management of industries.
▪ Article 47: To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of
people and to improve public health
Nehruvian Socialism
▪ Democratic Socialism
▪ Importance of Planning
▪ Mixed Economy
▪ Important role of Industrialization
▪ Agricultural problems & Reforms
▪ Science and Technology
Socialism during Indira Gandhi’s times
Socialism during Indira Gandhi’s times
▪ Soviet model of political centralization

▪ A number of sectors, including coal and bank, were nationalized
▪ populist slogans like “garibi hatao” – Increase the role of the state in
the redistribution of resources.
Socialism after 1991 LPG reforms
▪ Is socialism relevant after LPG reforms??

▪ Is socialism dead in India? ?
LPG REFORMS 1991: Shift in Political
Economy
▪ Liberalization: It refers to the process of making policies less

constraining of economic activity and also reduction of tariffs or
removal of non-tariff barriers.
▪ Privatization: It refers to the transfer of ownership of property or
business from a government to a privately owned entity.
▪ Globalisation: It refers to the expansion of economic activities across
the political boundaries of nation-states.
LPG REFORMS 1991
1. Abolition of Industrial licensing/ Permit Raj

2. Public sector role diluted
3. Beginning of privatisation
4. Free entry to foreign investment and technology
5. Industrial location policy liberalized
6. Abolition of phased manufacturing programmes for new projects
7. Removal of mandatory convertibility cause
8. Reduction in import tariffs
9. Deregulation of markets
10. Reduction of taxes
Washington Consensus
Liberalism
▪ Liberal constituents of the Indian Constitution -

▪ Article 50 - full separation of the three organs of government:
legislative, executive, and judicial.
▪ Fundamental Rights –
– conventional individual rights to life and liberty, equality and non-
discrimination, speech and expression, conscience and profession;
unconventional group rights to affirmative action and for the protection of
minority religious groups; and a directly applicable right prohibiting caste-based
untouchability
▪ Judicial Review
Liberal Political Party
▪ C. Rajagopalachari formed the ‘Swatantra

Party’ in 1959, which favoured classical
liberal principles and free enterprise.
▪ “social justice and welfare can be attained
through the fostering of individual interest
and individual enterprise in all fields better
than through State ownership and
Government control”
Nationalism
Fundamental Questions-
1. Did India become a State first, then a Nation? Or the other way
around?
2. What Unifies us? Common Territory/Political Structure or Common
culture?
Various Perspective on Nationalism
▪ Colonial Perspective
▪ Nationalist Perspective
▪ Marxist Perspective
Marxist Perspective -
▪ India was not always a nation but rather a nation which was being
created in modern times in which the nationalist movement had an
important role to play.
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Group C
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Political ideologies of

▪ Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public

▪ Soviet model of political centralization

▪ Is socialism relevant after LPG reforms??

▪ Liberalization: It refers to the process of making policies less

1. Abolition of Industrial licensing/ Permit Raj

▪ Liberal constituents of the Indian Constitution -

▪ C. Rajagopalachari formed the ‘Swatantra

▪ Add your first bullet point here

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

▪ First bullet point here Class Group A Group B

▪ Second bullet point here Class 1 82 95

▪ Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88

▪ First bullet point here

Click icon to add picture

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