LECTURE 4

DOUBLE SIDE BAND SUPRESSED

CARRIER (DSB, DSB-SC or DSSC)
• In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave consists of the
carrier wave and two sidebands.
• The modulated wave has the information only in the sidebands.
• Sideband is nothing but a band of frequencies, containing power, which are the
lower and higher frequencies of the carrier frequency.
• The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands
can be termed as Double Sideband Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC.
• However, such a transmission is inefficient.
• Because, two-thirds of the power is being wasted in the carrier, which carries no
information.
• If this carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two
sidebands, then such a process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier system or simply DSBSC.
The major disadvantages of conventional AM:
a) Power wasted in transmitting the carrier
b) Transmission of twice message bandwidth.
As mentioned DSB solves the first disadvantage by suppressing the carrier
before transmission.
• The time – domain expression for DSB is:

vc (t )  v(t ) Ac cos c (t )
Realization of DSB

v(t ) MULTIPLIE vc (t )  v(t ) Ac cos ct

R

Ac cos c t
CARRIER
GENERATO
R
Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave
We know the formula for bandwidth (BW) is
BW=fmax−fmin
Consider the equation of DSBSC modulated wave.
s(t)=AmAccos(2πfmt)cos(2πfct)

s(t)=AmAc2cos[2π(fc+fm)t]+AmAc2cos[2π(fc−fm)t]

The DSBSC modulated wave has only two frequencies. So, the maximum and
minimum frequencies are fc+fm and fc−fm respectively.
fmax=fc+fm and fmin=fc−fm
Substitute, fmax and fmin values in the bandwidth formula.

BW=(fc+fm)−(fc−fm)
⇒BW=2fm
Thus, the bandwidth of DSBSC wave is same as that of AM wave and it is equal to
twice the frequency of the modulating signal.
DSB (cont’d)
NOTE:
i. (t )  0
From the expression, in the absence of modulating signal,vcv(t),
Therefore the DSB spectrum is simply the frequency translated
1
spectrum: Vc ( f )  Ac [V ( f  f c )  V ( f  f c )]
2

ii. Transmission bandwidth remains twice the base band bandwidth.

1 2 2
iii. Transmitted power is 2 Psb  Ac v (t )
2
DSB(cont’d)
iv In the frequency domain AM and DSB are quite the same.
v In the time domain, the situation is quite different (note phase
reversals at the zero crossings).
Observations of the time – domain description of DSB:
i. Shape of the envelop is not same as message
ii. Full recovery at the receiver requires knowledge of phase reversals
at the zero crossings.
iii. Simple detection cannot be used.
iv. Therefore, DSB conserves power at the expense of complex
detection methods.
Comparison of AM and DSB envelop
• R AM (t )  Ac [1  mv(t )] & m  1

•
RDSB (t )  Ac v(t )
•  AM (t )   DSB  0 for v(t) > 0

• viAM  R AM
and(t=) 180⁰ for(tv(t)
) <0
• viDSB (t )  Ac v (t )

vqAM (t )  vqDSB (t )  0
•
Multiplication
This is achieved in practice by some non-linear device and a filter as
shown:

vin (t ) NON- vo (t )
v(t) SUMME LINER FILTE vc (t )
R ELEMEN R
T
cos c t
CARRIER
GENERATO
R
Power law modulators
 the non-linear device has a transfer characteristic given by:
2
 vo  a1vin  a2 vin (i.e. a square law device)


vin (t )  v(t )  cos c t
 vo (t )  a1[v(t )  cos ct ]  a2 [v(t )  cos ct ]2

 a1v(t )  a1 cos ct  a2v(t ) 2  a2 cos 2 ct  2a2v(t ) cos ct

 The second and fifth terms constitute the required AM wave where

a2
Ac  a1 & m  2
a1
Power Law modulators (cont’d)
Spectrum of output of square law element
Vo ( f )

V ( f  fc )  ( f  2 fc )

f
-2W -W 0W 2 fc  W f c fc  W 2 fc
W
Square law modulator
NOTE:
i. The term inv 2 (t ) transforms into X*X(f) and is band limited in
2W
ii. the first and third terms represent the base band and its square
iii. The second and fifth terms represent the desired AM signal
iv. The fourth term transforms into a pulse at 2x carrier frequency.
Square Law modulator (cont’d)
Conclusion:
i. If f c 3W , there is no spectral overlapping
ii. Separation of the required modulated signal can be achieved by a filter
with bandwidth, 2W centered f c on
Practical circuit realization
Modulator using a FET as the square law device:
cos c t
C R L

v(t)

 vg
Modulator using a FET as square law device
 Battery,v g , biases the FET into its saturation region where it has a square
law characteristic.
 The RLC circuit is the band pass filter centeredf con .
 Used for low level modulation (i.e. power levels lower than transmitted
power)
Switching modulator
 Uses an active switching device
 Achieves high level modulation
v(t
) Active switching device

V C
R L

1 a switch driven at
 Active device (e.g. transistor) acts as
fc
carrier frequency closing briefly every seconds.
Cont’d
 RLC circuit is tuned to resonatef cat and in the absence of modulating
signal, vc (t )  Vc cos ct
 vIn(tthe presence of modulating voltage, the output becomes:
c )  [V  Nv(t )] cos c t
where N is the turns ratio.
 Correct choice of N and V results in Amplitude modulation at high level
without need for filtering.
 Example: An AM radio transmitter with high level modulation.
Cont’d

v(t) Audio
modulato
amplifie
r
r
Carrier
oscillato
r Carrier
amplifie
r

 Note: both carrier and modulating signal are amplified before modulation
and modulated signal is fed straight to antenna.
Balanced modulator for DSB
To achieve DSB – SC, two AM modulators are used.
1
AM
Ac [1  v(t ) cos ct ]
1 2
v(t ) modulato
2 r

+ Ac v(t ) cosct
Ac cos ct +
-

1 AM
 v(t ) modulato
2 r 1
Ac [1  v(t ) cos ct ]
2
Suppressed side band modulation
Recall:
 AM is wasteful in both transmitted power and bandwidth
 DSB achieves reduction in transmitted power
 The two side bands contain exactly the same information.
 Complete or partial removal of one side band reduces transmitted
bandwidth
 Results in Single Side Band (SSB) or Vestigial Side Band(VSB)
modulation systems.
 Complete removal of one side band and carrier results in SSB modulation.
Cont’d
 Partial removal of one sideband results in VSB modulation
• Filter terminology: Practical band pass filter characteristic
H(f)

Pass band

-2dB

Upper
Center freq. Cut-off freq.
f
Transition bands Stop band
SSB modulation
i. Very attractive when bandwidth conservation is important
ii. Instrumentation in SSB, especially the side band filter, becomes a
problem.
iii. Sharp cut-off filters cannot be synthesized precisely.
iv. Either portion of wanted side band is cut off or a portion of the
unwanted side band is transmitted.
v. Some practical modulating signals (e.g. audio) have little or no low
frequency content i.e. their spectra have holes at zero frequency.
vi. Typical side band filter can fit its transition region in the hole
Phase Shift SSB Modulator
 This method bypasses the need for filtering.

Ac
Balanced v(t ) cos c t
modulato 2
1 r Ac cos ct
v(t ) +
2
90⁰ phase shift 
90⁰

Phase shift Balanced

modulato
Ac
r vˆ(t ) sin c t
2
Phase shift SSB (cont’d)
 USB or LSB is obtained depending on whether subtraction or addition
was used.
 Circuit design is not very simple.
 Recall: SSB signal with tone modulation, where
1
vc (t )  Am Ac cos(c  m )t
2
 By definition, the SSB signal for an arbitrary v(t) is:
1
vc (t )  Ac [v(t ) cos ct  vˆ(t ) sin ct ]
2
The Hilbert Transform
 stands for upper and lower side bands respectively
 vˆ(t ) is called the Hilbert Transform of v(t) and
 this is simply v(t) with all its frequency components phase shifted by
- 90⁰
 can be regarded as a computational device which produces a phase
shift of -90 for all positive frequencies of v(t) and +90 for negative
frequencies. ˆv(t )  Am cos(mt  90 )
 i.e. for tone modulation,
Cont’d
 i.e.: 1
vc (t )  Ac Am [cos ct cos mt  sin c t sin mt ]
2
1
 Ac Am (c  m )
2
 Recall: for an arbitrary v(t), the SSB signal is given by:
1
vc (t )  Ac [v(t ) cos c t  vˆ(t ) sin ct ]
2
1
vi (t )  Ac v(t )
 This shows a quadrature expression with
1 2
 And vq (t )  Ac vˆ(t )
2
Cont’d
Ac 2
 the SSB envelop is Rssb  v (t )  vˆ 2 (t )
2

 and the phase is given by

 ssb   arctan[ vˆ(t ) / v(t )]

 Vestigial Side band Modulation (VSB)
Used for signals with large bandwidths e.g. television video signal,
facsimile or high speed data.
These signals have significant low frequency content
Bandwidth conservation argues for SSB but SSB has poor low
frequency response.
DSB will work well but bandwidth becomes excessive
Compromise modulation scheme is VSB
VSB is achieved by filtering DSB or AM such that one side band is
passed almost completely and a portion (or vestige) of the other side
band is also passed
Transfer function of VSB filter
H(f)

1
2

fc   fc fc   f
 VSB Cont’d
Key to VSB is the side band filter with the above transfer function
i. It must have odd symmetry aboutf c
ii. It must have a relative response of ½ at that point
iii. Transition bandwidth is2 
iv Width of partial side band is ½ the filter transition width
v Therefore transmission bandwidth is Bt  W  
Time Domain Equation for VSB
The VSB equation becomes:
1
vc (t )  Ac {v(t ) cos c (t )  [vˆ(t )  v (t )] sin c (t )}
2
And
v (t ) represents the vestige of the signal.
v  0
Note:
 W
i. If , VSB approximates SSB and
ii. For large vˆβ,(t VSB
)  v approximates
(t )  0 DSB and


iii. Transmitted power is 1not

2 easy
2 to 1 2 2
determine
v A S  v A but is bounded by
c t c
4 on vestige
depending 2
Compatible single side band
It is sometimes required to enjoy the advantage of easy AM detection with
bandwidth conservation.
This is achieved by reinserting the carrier after suppressed side band
modulation.
Adding a carrier term and the modulation index, we have:
vc (t )  Ac {[1  mv(t )] cos ct  m[vˆ(t )  v (t )] sin ct}

quadrature component
Cont’d
Observations:
i. Quadrature part cancels out one side band in part or in whole
depending on thevˆvalue(t )  vof (t )
ii. If vˆ(t )  v (t )  0 equation reduces to:
vc (t )  Ac [1  mv(t )] cos ct which is conventional AM.
iii. If vˆ(t )  v (t )   vˆ(t ) we have
vc (t )  {[1  mv(t )] cos c (t )  mvˆ(t ) sin ct}
which is SSB plus carrier
Cont’d
vˆ(t )  v
For VSB,
 (t ) takes on intermediate values and the envelop a
distorted AM envelop.
DEMODULATION (Detection):
Note:
i. Linear modulation is the direct frequency translation of the message
spectrum (to be located at higher frequencies)
ii. Demodulation is the reverse process of downward frequency translation
to recover the message.
Frequency conversion
Accomplished by multiplication by a sinusoid
vc (t )  v(t ) cos 1t
Example: DSB signal of the form
And multiply bycos  2t gives:
1 1
v(t ) cos(1  2 )t  v(t ) cos(1  2 )t
2 2

 i.e. product is sum and difference frequencies each modulated by v(t).

Cont’d
Observations
i. Assuming f1  f 2 , multiplication has translated the message
spectrum to two new carrier frequencies.
ii. Devices that carry out this operation are called frequency
converters or mixers.
iii. This operation is called heterodyning or simply mixing.
iv. The multiplier is usually a non-linear or switching device
Heterodyning

multiplie
input filter output
r

oscillator
Synchronous (Coherent) Detection
All types of linear modulation can be product detection

y(t) Low yd (t )
vc (t ) multiplier pass
filter
Alo cos ct B=W

Local
oscillator
Cont’d
Conditions for synchronous detection:
i. Local oscillator (LO) is exactly synchronized with the carrier in
both frequency and phase.
• The generalized linear modulated wave is given by:
vc (t )  [ K c  K m v(t )] cos ct  K m [vˆ(t )  v (t )] sin ct

• Let  (t )  vˆ(t )  v (t ) then, any linear modulation can be

represented by:
vc (t )  [ K c  K m v(t )] cos ct  K m (t ) sin ct
K c  0,
• When we have suppressed carrier, when
Cont’d
And when (t )  0 we have AM.
• Input to the filter is,
y (t )  vc (t ) Alo cos c (t )

Which simplifiesAto:
y (t )  lo
{[ K c  K m v(t )]  [ K c  K m v(t )] cos 2ct  K m (t ) sin 2ct}
2

 The double frequency terms are rejected by the low pass filter
 The leading term remains i.e.
yd (t )  K d [ K c  K m v(t )]
Kd
 where is detection constant
Kd Kc
 and correspond to translated carrier if not removed and
can be removed by a blocking capacitor.
Synchronization of local oscillator
If carrier is totally suppressed, synchronization at the receiver becomes a
problem.
To facilitate synchronous detection, a small amount of carrier is reinserted
into the suppressed carrier signal at the transmitter.
This is called a pilot carrier and is picked up by a narrow band filter,
amplified and used in place of local oscillator or to lock local oscillator.
This is called Homodyne detection
Homodyne Detection

Low yd (t )
vc (t )
multiplie
pass
r
filter

Pilot Pilot
filter amp
Effects of frequency and phase drifts in suppressed carrier
systems
i. Subjective tests indicate that frequency drifts of ± 10Hz are
tolerable.
ii. Phase shifts are more sever in DSB where a phase shift of ± 90⁰
places the carrier and the local oscillator in quadrature and the
signal vanishes completely.
iii. Fading effect is experienced with slowly phase.
iv. Due to ear’s insensitivity to phase shift and delay distortion, these
are tolerable in SSB voice systems
v. i.e. frequency and phase synchronism for voice transmission via
SSB are not stringent.
Cont’d
v. For video systems, data and fax with suppressed carrier, careful
synchronization is required.
e.g. in colour television transmission via VSB scheme, the carrier is
not suppressed.
vi. Note:
Phase shift in colour television results in a colour change.
Envelop detection in AM.
Based on the fact that the envelop of AM signal:
i. has shape of the message
ii. Is independent of carrier frequency and phase
iii. Extraction of envelop gives v(t)
Diagram: C2
v
vin R1 C1 vout
Cont’d
Note from the diagram:
i. R1C1 constitute a low pass filter, responding only to
variations in peaks in input.
1
ii. This assumes that RC time constant is long
fc
Rcompared
2C2
to
iii. is a dc block f c W
iv. Condition for proper envelop detection is that
v. Time domain description:
Envelop detection in suppressed carrier systems
Envelop detection can be used in these systems by inserting large carrier
term before detection to reconstruct the envelop.
Because of dc blocking, envelop detection is not suitable for signals with
important dc and or slowly varying terms.

Envelop
vc (t ) + detector

LO
Quadrature carrier multiplexing
This method is used to transmit two information signals on a single carrier.
Two carriers are derived from the same frequency source but with 90⁰
phase shift (i.e. the two carrier signals are in phase quadrature) .
One application is television transmission of colour components
Cont’d
Balanced
modulator
v1 (t ) sin c (t )
v1 (t ) Χ

-90⁰ v1 (t ) sin c (t )  v2 (t ) cos c (t )

Carrier
oscillator
+
v2 (t ) v2 (t ) cosc (t )
Χ