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Nervous System

The nervous system coordinates and regulates the body's feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. It is divided into the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves and sensory organs. These systems work together to transmit and process sensory information and coordinate bodily functions.

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James Galvez
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14 views34 pages

Nervous System

The nervous system coordinates and regulates the body's feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. It is divided into the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves and sensory organs. These systems work together to transmit and process sensory information and coordinate bodily functions.

Uploaded by

James Galvez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOOD AFTERNOON

GRADE 10!
QUICK GAME

Response Test!
Let’s Watch!
GROUP
ACTIVITY

Let’s Explore!
DISCUSSION
PROPER

Let’s Discuss!
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The nervous system coordinates and regulates the body's feedback
mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
It is a highly organized and complex collection of nerves (a
collection of neurons) and neurons, specialized cells that transmit
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the
body.
Neurons that receive messages from the senses and send them to
the central nervous system are called afferent neurons. Efferent
neurons on the other hand send messages from the central nervous
system to the different parts of the body.
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons or from the
body, and pass those messages along to the cell body.
The cell body is the support center of the neuron. If an
outgoing message is to be sent away, it passes from the
cell body to the axon, which passes those messages away
from the cell body to the axon terminal and onto other
neurons or other body parts.
The myelin sheath is a protective layer around some
axons and helps speed up the signal messages.
• The nervous system is divided into these two: the
central nervous system consists of the brain and
spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is
made up of nerves and the sensory organs.
• These two systems work together to transmit and
process sensory information, and then coordinate these
to different bodily functions. How does that happen?
We can look at both the brain and spinal cord as
the command center: both receive data and
feedback from the sensory organs (otherwise
known as our five senses).
The brain and spinal cord then process this
information, and then send signals back out to
the particular body parts. It is our nerves that
carry these messages to and from.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The different parts of the brain and spinal cord work together with the peripheral nervous system
to coordinate different body functions.
Part of the Brain
Cerebrum
The major outer part of the brain. It is divided into two
hemispheres: the left and right. The left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. These
two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum.
Each hemisphere is further divided into sections called
lobes (more on these later). It is responsible for sensing,
thinking, learning, emotions, and voluntary movement. It
also controls the five senses.
Part of the Brain

Cerebelum
At the back part of the
brain.
It controls balance and
fine muscle movement.
Brain Stem
At the bottom of the brain. This
connects the cerebrum to the spinal
cord. It is divided into three parts: the
midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
The brain stem controls bodily
functions like breathing, circulation,
and sleep.
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Under the cerebrum and inside the temporal lobe, it is
composed of several structures: the amygdala,
hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
These structures are responsible for basic biological needs
like hunger, thirst, and temperature control; higher mental
functions like memories; and emotional responses.
The thalamus also serves as the relay center, where
incoming and outgoing messages are handled.
4 LOBES
The brain is very important but fragile. It is protected
by the skull, the meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The skull is like a bony helmet, while the meninges are
layers of tissue. Cerebrospinal fluid is watery fluid
that flows in and around the brain and the spinal cord
that cushions both parts.
• The spinal cord is an elongated bundle of
neurons, connected to the brain via the brain
stem. It goes all the way down to the tailbone at
our lower back.
• Think of it like an information highway as
sensory messages and movement commands
travel up and down on it to serve the body.
• It is protected by bones and is divided into five
sections, as seen above: cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
• The spinal cord is an elongated bundle of
neurons, connected to the brain via the brain
stem. It goes all the way down to the tailbone at
our lower back.
• Think of it like an information highway as
sensory messages and movement commands
travel up and down on it to serve the body.
• It is protected by bones and is divided into five
sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and
coccygeal.
THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The peripheral nervous system is further


subdivided into the: somatic nervous system,
which is in charge of voluntary body
movements and transmits sensory message to
the central nervous system; and autonomic
nervous system, which is in charge of
involuntary body functions like breathing and
heartbeat.
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The autonomic nervous system is further


subdivided to the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems. The
sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight
or flight" response, stimulating the body to use
energy, while the parasympathetic division tries
to conserve energy, doing "rest or digest."
• The somatic nervous system also controls
involuntary movements called reflexes. A
reflex is an involuntary muscle response to a
stimulus (something that causes an action)
without input from the brain. The pathway a
reflex takes is called a reflex arc.
• This means the reflex arc just connects to the
spinal cord, bypassing the brain so that the
reflex arc is not delayed. The pathway of the
reflex arc is: stimulus -> sensory neuron ->
motor neuron -> reflex muscle movement.
Examples of reflexes include:
• - Pulling your hand back when you touch
something hot
• - Jumping when you hear a loud sound
• - The knee-jerk reflex
• Reflex arcs that affect inner organs are called
autonomic reflex arcs, while those that affect
muscles are called somatic reflex arcs.
Let’s Examine!
(Short Quiz)
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Answer the following questions. Choose the letter of the
correct answer and write your answer on ¼ sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the function of the nervous
system?
A. It exchanges gases between the external environment and the
blood.
B. It produces hormones that regulate the activities of the cells and
organisms.
C. It sends information to muscles, glands and organs so they can
respond correctly
D. It maintains posture and position of the body.
2. This is an organ located within the skull that functions as organizer and
distributor of information for the body.
A. Brain
B. Spinal cord
C. Sensory nerves
D. Motor nerves
3. It is a part of the brain located at the back part that controls balance and
fine muscle movement.
A. Limbic system
B. Brain stem
C. Cerebrum
D. Cerebellum
4. The major divisions of the nervous systems are ______?
A. Brain and spinal cord
B. Somatic and autonomic
C. Central and peripheral
D. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
5. In order to keep the nervous system healthy, we must do the following,
except:
A. Have enough sleep
B. Eat unhealthy foods
C. Avoid drugs and cigarette
D. Exercise regularly
CORRECT ANSWERS:
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B

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