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Chapter 4 PHP

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55 views72 pages

Chapter 4 PHP

Uploaded by

minichelagumas143
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internet Programming

Chapter four

PHP

1 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Introduction to PHP

PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for


creating dynamic and interactive websites.
PHP is perfectly appropriate for Web development and
can be embedded directly into the HTML code.
The PHP syntax is very similar to C.
 PHP is often used together with Apache(web server) on
various operating systems.
A PHP file may contain text, HTML tags and scripts.

2 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Introduction to PHP…
Scripts in a PHP file are executed on the server.
PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or
".phtml“
PHP is whitespace insensitive:
That means it almost never matters how many
whitespace characters you have in a row including tabs
and carriage returns (end-of-line characters).
PHP is case sensitive:

3 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


What is PHP?
PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is a server-side scripting language.
PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle,
Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
PHP is an open source software (OSS)
PHP is free to download and use
PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix,
etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today
(Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side

4 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Basic PHP Syntax
 A PHP scripting block always starts with
 <?php and ends with ?>.
 A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the
document.
 On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a
scripting block with
 <? and end with ?>.
 However, for maximum compatibility, we recommend that
you use the standard form (<?php) rather than the
shorthand form.
<?php
?>
5 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
 Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon.
Output Statement
 There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print.
 Format
 echo output1, output2, output3, output4,….;
 echo (output);
 Format
 print output;
 print (output);
 Unlike echo print can accept only one argument.
 It is possible to embed html tags into echo and print statement.
 For example - we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello
World".
<?php
echo "Hello <br> World";
?>
6 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Comments in PHP
 There are two commenting formats in PHP:
 Single-line comments:
 In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment
 Multi-lines comments:
 We use /* and */ to make a multiple line comment block.
<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a single-line comment
/*
This is
A multiple line comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>

7 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Variables
 Variables are used for storing values, such as numbers, strings
or function results.
 When a variable is set it can be used many times in a script.
 All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
 The correct way of setting a variable in PHP:
$var_name = value;
$txt = "Hello World!";
 In PHP a variable does not need to be declared before being
set.
 In PHP the variable is declared automatically when you use it.
 There is no size limit for variables name.

8 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Variables…
A variable does not know in advance whether it will be used
to store a number or a string of characters.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data
type, depending on their value.
A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore.
A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores
but you cannot use characters like + , - , % , ( , ) . & , etc
A variable name should not contain spaces.
 If a variable name is more than one word, it should be
separated with underscore ($my_string), or with
capitalization ($myString)

9 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Data Types
 PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our
variables:
 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.
 NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like ‘Text string'
 Arrays: indexed collections of values.
 Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can
package up both other kinds of values and functions that are
specific to the class.
 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources
external to PHP (such as database connections).
10 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Integers Data Type
 They are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
 They correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and
negative.
 Integers can be assigned to variables, or they can be used in
expressions. For example
 $int_var = 12345;
 $another_int = -12345 + 12345;
 Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal
(base 16) format.
 Decimal format is the default
 Octal integers are specified with a leading 0
 Hexadecimals have a leading 0x.
 For most common platforms, the largest integer is 2,147,483,647 and
the smallest (most negative) integer is 2,147,483,647.
11 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
NULL Data Type
NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
To give a variable the NULL value, simply assign it like
as follow:
$my_var = NULL;
 The special constant NULL is capitalized by
convention, but actually it is case insensitive;
you could just as well have typed: $my_var = null;
 A variable that has been assigned NULL has the
following properties:
It evaluates to FALSE in a Boolean context.
It returns FALSE when tested with IsSet() function.

12 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Strings Data type
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like ‘Text string‘
 Singly quoted strings are treated as plain text
 Strings that are delimited by double quotes are preprocessed in
two ways by PHP:
1) Certain character sequences beginning with backslash (\) are
replaced with special characters
The escape-sequence replacements are:
 \n is replaced by the newline character
 \t is replaced by the tab character
 \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($)
 \" is replaced by a single double-quote (")
 \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)
 \r is replaced by the carriage-return character

13 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Strings Data type
2) Variable names (starting with $) are replaced with string
representations of their values.
<?
$variable = "name";
$literally = 'My $variable will not print!';
print($literally);
$literally = "My $variable will print!\n";
print($literally);
?>
 This will produce following result:
My $variable will not print!
My name will print
 There are no limits on string length

14 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Constants
A constant is a name or an identifier for a simple value.
A constant value cannot change during the execution of
the script.
By default a constant name is case-sensitive.
By convention, constant identifiers are always
uppercase.
A constant name starts with a letter or underscore (can
be a combination of letters, numbers, or underscores.)
 If you have defined a constant, it can never be changed
or undefined.

15 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Constants
To define a constant you have to use define() function
There is no need to write a dollar sign ($) before a constant.
To retrieve the value of a constant, you can simply
specifying its name.
You can also use the function constant() to read a constant's
value
Constant example:
<?php
define("MINSIZE", 50);
echo MINSIZE;
echo constant("MINSIZE"); // same thing as the previous line
?>

16 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Operator Types
What is Operator?
For example in the expression 4 + 5 = 9.
Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.
PHP language supports following type of operators.
Arithmetic Operators
Comparision Operators
Logical (or Relational) Operators
Assignment Operators
Conditional (or ternary) Operators

17 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example
A=10, B=20
+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from A - B will give -10
the first
* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200
/ Divide numerator by B / A will give 2
denumenator
% Modulus Operator and return B % A will give 0
remainder of an integer division
++ Increment operator, increases A++ will give 11
integer value by one
-- Decrement operator, decreases A-- will give 9
integer value by one

18 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Comparison Operators
Operato Description Example
r A=10, B=20
== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A == B) is not
yes then condition becomes true. true.
!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A != B) is true.
values are not equal then condition becomes true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the (A > B) is not
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value (A < B) is true.
of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or (A >= B) is not
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition true.
becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal (A <= B) is true.
to the value of right operand, if yes then condition
Prepared by Tesfa K.
19 04/01/2024
becomes true.
Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
X=6, y=3
&& Called Logical AND operator. (x < 10 && y >
If both the operands are true then then 1) returns true
condition becomes true.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. (x==5 || y==5)
If any of the two operands are True then then returns false
condition becomes true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. !(x==y) returns
Use to reverses the logical state of its true
operand.
If a condition is true then Logical NOT
operator will make false.

20 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
= Assigns values from right side operands to left side C=A+B
operand
+= It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the C += A is
result to left operand equivalent to C
=C+A
-= It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign C -= A is
the result to left operand equivalent to C =
C -A
*= It multiplies right operand with the left operand and C *= A is
assign the result to left operand equivalent to C =
C*A
/= It divides left operand with the right operand and assign C /= A is
the result to left operand equivalent to
C =C /A
%= It takes modulus division of two operands and assign the C %= A is
result to left operand equivalent to
Prepared by Tesfa K. C =C%A
21 04/01/2024
Conditional Operator
This first evaluates an expression for a true or false
value and then execute one of the two given statements
depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then


value X : Otherwise value Y

22 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Precedence of PHP Operators
 Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an
expression.
 This affects how an expression is evaluated.
 Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the
table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom.
 Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated
Category Operator Associatively
first. Unary ! ++ -- Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /=

23 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Decision Making
You can use conditional statements in your code to
make your decisions based on the different condition.
PHP supports following three decision making
statements:
if...else statement - use this statement if you want to
execute a set of code when a condition is true and
another if the condition is false
else if statement - is used with the if...else statement to
execute a set of code if one of several condition are true.
switch statement - is used if you want to select one of
many blocks of code to be executed.

24 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The If...Else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true
and another code if a condition is false, use the if...else
statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

25 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
26 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
The If...Else Statement…
 If more than one line should be executed if a condition is true/false,
the lines should be enclosed within curly braces:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello!<br />";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

27 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The Else If Statement
If you want to execute some code if one of several
conditions are true use the else if statement
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

28 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
 The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current
day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday.
Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else if ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>

29 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The Switch Statement
 If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed, use the Switch statement.
 Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed by defoult;
}
30 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Example
<html> case "Fri":
<body> echo "Today is Friday"; break;
<?php case "Sat":
$d=date("D"); echo "Today is Saturday"; break;
switch ($d) case "Sun":
{ echo "Today is Sunday"; break;
case "Mon": default:
echo "Today is Monday"; break; echo "Wonder which day is this ?";
case "Tue": }
echo "Today is Tuesday"; break; ?>
case "Wed": </body>
echo "Today is Wednesday"; break; </html>
case "Thu":
echo "Today is Thursday"; break;
31 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
PHP Loop Types
Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a
specified number of times.
PHP supports following four loop types.
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times.
while - loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as a specified condition is true.
 for each - loops through a block of code for each element in an
array.
We will discuss about continue and break keywords used to
control the loops execution.

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The for loop statement
The for statement is used when you know how many
times you want to execute a statement or a block of
statements.
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}

33 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
 The following example makes five iterations and changes the assigned
value of two variables on each pass of the loop:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$a = 0;
$b = 0;
for( $i=0; $i<5; $i++ )
{
$a += 10;
$b += 5;
}
echo ("At the end of the loop a=$a and b=$b" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
At the end of the loop a=50 and b=25
34 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
The while loop statement
 The while statement will execute a block of code if and as
long as a test condition is true.
 If the test condition is true then the code block will be
executed.
 the loop will continue until the test condition is found to be
false.
 Syntax
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}

35 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
 This example decrements a variable value on each iteration of the loop
and the counter increments until it reaches 10 when the evaluation is false
and the loop ends.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 50;
while( $i < 10)
{
$num--;
$i++;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i and num = $num" );
?>
</body>
</html>

36 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The do...while loop statement
The do...while statement will execute a block of code
at least once - then it will repeat the loop as long as a
condition is true.
Syntax
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);

37 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 0;
do
{
$i++;
}
while( $i < 10 );
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>

38 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The for each loop statement
The for each statement is used to loop through arrays.
For each pass the value of the current array element is
assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by
one and in the next pass next element will be
processed.
Syntax
foreach (array as value)
{
code to be executed;
}

39 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach( $array as $value )
{
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

40 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The break statement
The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the
execution of a loop prematurely.
The break statement is placed inside the loop statement
block. Whenever you want to exit from the loop you
can come out using a break statement.
After coming out of a loop immediate statement to the
loop will be executed.

41 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
 In the following example condition test becomes true when the counter value reaches
3 and loop terminates.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
while( $i < 10)
{
$i++;
if( $i == 3 )
break;
}
echo (“Value of i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Loop stopped at i = 3

42 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


The continue statement
The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the current
iteration of a loop but it does not terminate the loop.
Just like the break statement the continue statement is
placed inside the loop statement block, preceded by a
conditional test.
For the pass encountering continue statement, the rest
of the loop code is skipped and next pass starts.

43 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Example
 In the following example loop prints the value of array but for which
condition becomes true it just skip the code and next value is
printed.
<html>
<body>
<?php This will produce following
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); result Value is 1
for each( $array as $value ) Value is 2
{ Value is 4
if( $value == 3 ) Value is 5
continue;
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

44 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


PHP Arrays
An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar
type of values in a single variable.
For example if you want to store 100 numbers then instead
of defining 100 variables its easy to define an array of 100
length.
There are three different kind of arrays and each array
value is accessed using array index.
Numeric array - An array with a numeric index.
Associative array - An array with strings as index.
Multidimensional array - An array containing one or
more arrays and values are accessed using multiple indices.

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Numeric Array
 These arrays can store numbers, strings and any object but their index will be
represented by numbers.
 By default array index starts from zero.
 Use array() function to create array.
 Example showing how to create and access numeric arrays.
<html>
<body> This will produce following
<?php result: Value is 1
/* First method to create array. */ Value is 2
$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Value is 3
foreach( $numbers as $value )
Value is 4
{
Value is 5
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

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Numeric Array…
 Second method to create array.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$numbers[0] = "one";
This will produce following
$numbers[1] = "two"; result: Value is one
$numbers[2] = "three"; Value is two
$numbers[3] = "four"; Value is three
$numbers[4] = "five"; Value is four
foreach( $numbers as $value ) Value is five
{
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

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Associative Arrays
The associative arrays are very similar to numeric
arrays in term of functionality but they are different in
terms of their index.
Associative array will have their index as string so that
you can establish association between key and values.
For example:-To store the salaries of employees in an
array, you can use the employees names as the keys
and the value would be their respective salary.
NOTE: Don't keep associative array inside double
quote while printing otherwise it would not return any
value.
48 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Example
<html>
<body> Output
<?php Salary of mohammad is
/* First method to create associate array. */ 2000
$salaries = array( Salary of kadir is 1000
"mohammad" => 2000, Salary of zara is 500
“kadir" => 1000,
"zara" => 500
);
echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />";
echo "Salary of kadir is ". $salaries[‘kadir']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>
49 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Second method to create an associative array
<html>
<body> Output
Salary of mohammad is
<?php
high
$salaries['mohammad'] = "high"; Salary of qadir is medium
$salaries['qadir'] = "medium"; Salary of zara is low
$salaries['zara'] = "low";
echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />";
echo "Salary of qadir is ". $salaries['qadir']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>

50 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


Multidimensional Arrays
In multi-dimensional array each element in the main
array can also be an array.
And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and
so on.
Values in the multi-dimensional array are accessed
using multiple index.
Example
In this example we create a two dimensional array to
store marks of three students in three subjects:
This example is an associative array, you can create
numeric array in the same fashion.
51 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024
Example
<html> (
<body> "physics" => 31,
<?php "maths" => 22,
$marks = array( "chemistry" => 39
“Ali" => array )
( );
"physics" => 35, /* Accessing multi-dimensional array
"maths" => 30, values */
"chemistry" => 39 echo "Marks for Ali in physics : " ;
), echo $marks[‘Ali']['physics'] . "<br />";
“kadir" => array echo "Marks for qadir in maths : ";
( echo $marks[‘kadir']['maths'] . "<br />";
"physics" => 30, echo "Marks for zara in chemistry : " ;
"maths" => 32, echo $marks['zara']['chemistry'] . "<br />";
"chemistry" => 29 ?>
), </body>
"zara" => array </html>

52 Prepared by Tesfa K. 04/01/2024


String Operation
String Concatenation Operator
To concatenate two string variables together, use the dot
(.) operator:
<?php
$string1="Hello World";
$string2="1234";
echo $string1 . " " . $string2;
?>
 This will produce following result:
Hello World 1234

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Using the strlen() function
The strlen() function is used to find the length of a
string.
Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>
 This will produce following result: 12
The length of a string is often used in loops or other
functions, when it is important to know when the
string ends.

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Using the strpos() function
 The strpos() function is used to search for a string or character within
a string.
 If a match is found in the string, this function will return the position
of the first match.
 If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
 Example lets find the string "world" in Hello world string:
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!","world");
?>
 This will produce following result: 6
 As you see the position of the string "world" in our string is position
6.
The reason that it is 6, and not 7, is that the first position in the string is
0, and not 1.
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PHP Functions
A function is a block of code that can be executed whenever
we need it.
Creating PHP functions:
All functions start with the word "function()"
Name the function - It should be possible to understand what
the function does by its name.
The name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)
 Add a "{" – The function code starts after the opening curly brace
Insert the function code
Add a "}" - The function is finished by a closing curly brace

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Function Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage()
{
echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
}
/* Calling a PHP Function */
writeMessage();
?>
</body>
</html>

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Function Example…
A simple function that writes a name when it is called:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo “abebe belachewu";
}
writeMyName();
?>
</body>
</html>
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PHP Functions with Parameters:
PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a
function.
You can pass any number of parameters your like.
These parameters work like variables inside your function.
Following example takes two integer parameters and add
them together and then print them.
<?php
function addFunction($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
}
addFunction(10, 20);
?>
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Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName($fname)
{
echo “$fname <br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName(“abebe");
?>
</body>
</html>

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PHP Functions - Return values
 A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a
value or object .
 Return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the
calling code.
 Example
<html>
<body> The output of
<?php the code will be:
function add($x,$y) 1 + 16 = 17
{
$total = $x + $y;
return $total;
}
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16)
?>
</body>
</html>

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Passing Arguments by Reference
It is possible to pass arguments to functions by
reference.
This means that a reference to the variable is
manipulated by the function rather than a copy of the
variable's value.
Any changes made to an argument in these cases will
change the value of the original variable.
You can pass an argument by reference by adding an
ampersand to the variable name in either the function
call or the function definition.

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Example
<html> $orignum = 10;
<head> addFive( &$orignum );
<title>Passing Argument by echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";
Reference</title> addSix( $orignum );
</head> echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";
<body> ?>
<?php </body>
function addFive($num) </html>
{ Output
$num += 5; Original Value is 15
} Original Value is 21
function addSix(&$num)
{
$num += 6;
}

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Setting Default Values for Function Parameters:
 You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it.
 Following function prints “no test “ in case the we does not pass any value to this
function.
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
function printMe($param = “No test”) Output
{ This is test
print $param;
No test
}
printMe("This is test");
printMe();
?>
</body>
</html>

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PHP Forms and User Input
 The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve information
from forms, like user input.
 The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and
PHP is that any form element in HTML page will automatically be
available to your PHP scripts.
Form example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
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PHP Forms and User Input…
The example HTML page above contains two input
fields and a submit button.
When the user fills in this form and click on the submit
button, the form data is sent to the "welcome.php" file.
The "welcome.php" file looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
Welcome John.
</body> You are 28 years
</html> old.

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PHP $_GET
 The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form
with method="get".
 The $_GET variable is an array of variable names and
values are sent by the HTTP GET method.
Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

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PHP $_GET…
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the
URL sent could look something like this:
localhost/welcome.php?name=Peter&age=37
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET
variable to catch the form data
Note that the names of the form fields will
automatically be the ID keys in the $_GET array:
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

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Why use $_GET?
Information sent from a form with the GET
method is visible to everyone (it will be displayed
in the browser's address bar)
So this method should not be used when sending
passwords or other sensitive information!
Get method has limits on the amount of
information to send
The value cannot exceed100 characters.
So it is not suitable on large variable values.

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PHP $_POST
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a
form with method="post".
The $_POST variable is an array of variable names
and values are sent by the HTTP POST method.
Information sent from a form with the POST method is
invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of
information to send.

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Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL


will not contain any form data, and will look
something like this:
localhost/welcome.php

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The $_REQUEST Variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents
of both $_GET and $_POST variables.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the
result from form data sent with both the GET and
POST methods.
Example
Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!

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