Internet Programming

Chapter Five

Data Base Manipulation

using PHP

1
 Introduction to MySQL
MySQL is the most popular open source
database server.
Database is an organized collection of data.
A database defines a structure for storing
information.
Database stores data in tables.
Tables are composed of rows, and rows are
composed of columns in which values are
stored(cells).
A row of a table represents a record, and a
column of a table represents the value of a single
2 attribute of the record.
 Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables.
Each table has a name (e.g. "Customers"
or"Orders").
First Name
 Below is anLast Name
example ofAge
a table called "Persons":
Abebe Yonas 33
Belachewu Kedir 56
Hana Temesgen 23

Each table contains records (rows) with data.

The table above contains three records (one for each
person) and three columns (LastName, FirstName, age).

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 Queries
A query is a question or a request.
With MySQL, we can query a database for
specific information and have a recordset returned.
Look at the following query:
SELECT LastName FROM Persons
The query above selects all the data in the
LastName column in the Persons table, and will return
a recordset like this:
Last Name
Yonas
Kedir
Temesgen

4
 Connecting to a MySQL Database
Before you can access and work with data in a database, you
must create a connection to the database.
In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect() function.
Syntax
mysql_connect(servername,username,password);
Parameter Description
servername Optional. Specifies the server to connect to.
Default value is "localhost:3306"
username Optional. Specifies the username to log in with.
Default value is the name of the user that owns the server process
password Optional. Specifies the password to log in with.
Default is ""
Note: There are more available parameters, but the ones
listed above are the most important.

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 Example
In the following example we store the connection
in a variable ($con) for later use in the script.
The "die" part will be executed if the connection
fails:
<?php
$con =
mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
?>
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 Closing a Connection
The connection will be closed as soon as the script
ends.
To close the connection use the mysql_close() function.
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 Create a Database
A database holds one or multiple tables.
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to
create a database in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE database_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we
must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command
to a MySQL connection.

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 Example
In the following example we create a database called "my_db":
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))
{
echo "Database created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 Create a Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a database table
in MySQL.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
.......
)
We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysql_query()
function to execute the command.
Important: A database must be selected before a table can be
created.
The database is selected with the mysql_select_db() function.
Note: When you create a database field of type varchar, you must
specify the maximum length of the field, e.g. varchar(15).
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 Example
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))
{ // Create database
echo "Database created";
}
else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person ( FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15), Age int )";
mysql_query($sql,$con);
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 MySQL Data Types
Numeric Data Description
Types
int(size) Hold integers only. The
smallint(size) maximum number of digits
tinyint(size) can bespecified in the size
mediumint(size) parameter
bigint(size)
Hold numbers with fractions.
decimal(size,d) The maximum number of
double(size,d) digits can be specified in the
float(size,d) size parameter.
The maximum number of
digits to the right of the
decimal is
specified in the d parameter
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 MySQL Data Types…
Textual Data Description
Types
char(size) Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
varchar(size) special
Holds acharacters). The string
variable length fixed size
(caniscontain
specified in parenthesis
letters, numbers,
tinytext and special
Holds characters).
a variable string with a maximum length of 255
The maximum size is specified in parenthesis
characters
text Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 65535
blob
mediumtext characters
Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 16777215
mediumblob
longtext characters
Holds a variable string with a maximum length of
longblob 4294967295 characters

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 MySQL Data Types…
Date data type Description
date(yyyy-mm-dd) Holds date and/or time
datetime(yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss)
timestamp(yyyymmddhhmmss)
time(hh:mm:ss)

Collection Data Types Description

enum(value1,value2,ect) ENUM is short for ENUMERATED list. Can
set store
SET isone up toto
similar 65535
ENUM.values listed within
However, the
SET can
() brackets.
have up to 64 list items and can store more
than one choice

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 Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields
Each table should have a primary key field.
A primary key is used to uniquely identify the
rows in a table.
Each primary key value must be unique within the
table.
Furthermore, the primary key field cannot be null.
The primary key field is often an ID number, and
is often used with the AUTO_INCREMENT setting.
 AUTO_INCREMENT - automatically increases
the value of the field by 1 each time a new record is
added.
To ensure that the primary key field cannot be
15 null, we must add the NOT NULL setting to the field.
 Example
The following example sets the personID field as
the primary key field.
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person
(
personID int NOT NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY(personID),
FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15),
Age int
)";
mysql_query($sql,$con);

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 Insert Data Into a Database Table
The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a
database table.
Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,
value2,....)
You can also specify the columns where you want to insert the data:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
INSERT INTO is the same as insert into.
To get PHP to execute the statements above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL
connection.

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 Example
 The following example adds two new records to the
"Person" table:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName,
Age)
VALUES ('Peter', 'Griffin', '35')");
mysql_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName,
Age)
VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')");
mysql_close($con);
?>
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 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database
Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add
new records to the "Person" table.

<html>
<body>
<form action="insert.php" method="post">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" />
Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

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 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML
form in the example above, the form data is sent to
"insert.php".
The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and
retrieves the values from the form with the PHP
$_POST variables.
Then, the mysql_query() function executes the
INSERT INTO statement, and a new record will be
added to the database table.
Below is the code in the "insert.php" page:

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 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$sql="INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES
('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')";
if (!mysql_query($sql,$con))
{
die('Error: ' . mysql_error());
}
echo "1 record added";
mysql_close($con)
?>
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 Select Data From a Database Table
The SELECT statement is used to select data from
a database.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM
table_name
To get PHP to execute the statement above we
must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command
to a MySQL connection.

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 Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the
"Person" table (The * character selects all of the data in the table):
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 Example…
The example above stores the data returned by the
mysql_query() function in the $result variable.
Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the
first row from the recordset as an array.
Each subsequent call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next
row in the recordset.
The while loop loops through all the records in the
recordset.
To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row
variable ($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).
The output of the code above will be:
Abebe Yonas
Belachewu Kedir
Hana Temesgen
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 Display the Result in an HTML Table
HTML table:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person");
echo "<table border='1'>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
</tr>";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";
First Name Last Name
echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
echo "</tr>";
Abebe Yonas
} Belachewu Kedir
echo "</table>";
mysql_close($con); Hana Temesgen
?>
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 The WHERE clause
To select data that matches a specific criteria, add a WHERE
clause to the SELECT statement.
Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column operator value
The following operators can be used with the WHERE clause:

Operator Description
= Equal
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LKE Search for a pattern

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 The WHERE clause…
Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
WHERE is the same as where.
To get PHP to execute the statement we must use
the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command
to a MySQL connection.

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 Example
The following example will select all rows from the "Person" table,
where FirstName='Peter':
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person WHERE
FirstName='Peter'");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
?>

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 The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data
in a recordset.
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name

29
 Example
The following example selects all the data stored in the
"Person" table, and sorts the result by the "Age" column:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person ORDER
BY age");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'];
echo " " . $row['LastName'];
echo " " . $row['Age'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
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 Sort Ascending or Descending
If you use the ORDER BY keyword, the sort-order
of the recordset is ascending by default (1 before 9 and
"a" before "p").
Use the DESC keyword to specify a descending
sort-order (9 before 1 and "p" before "a"):
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC

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 Order by Two Columns
It is possible to order by more than one column.
When ordering by more than one column, the
second column is only used if the values in the first
column are identical:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name1,
column_name2

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 Update Data In a Database
The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in
a database table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
To get PHP to execute the statement above we
must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command
to a MySQL connection.

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 Example
The following example updates some data in the
"Person" table:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
First Last Age
if (!$con) Abebe
Name Yonas
Name 36
{ Belachew Kedir 56
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
uHana Temesgen 23
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_query("UPDATE Person SET Age = '36'
WHERE FirstName = ‘Abebe' AND LastName =
‘Yonas'");
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 Delete Data In a Database
The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete
records from a database table.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = some_value
To get PHP to execute the statement above we
must use the mysql_query() function.
This function is used to send a query or command
to a MySQL connection.

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 Example
The following example deletes all the records in
the "Person" table where LastName=‘Yonas':
<?php
$con =
mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con) First Last Age
{ Belachew
Name Kedir
Name 56
die('Could not connect: uHana Temesgen 23
' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_query("DELETE FROM Person WHERE
LastName=‘Yonas'");
mysql_close($con);
?>

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 PHP Database ODBC
ODBC is an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows
you to connect to a data source (e.g. an MS Access database).
With an ODBC connection, you can connect to any database, on
any computer in your network, as long as an ODBC connection is
available.
Here is how to create an ODBC connection to a MS Access
Database:
1. Open the Administrative Tools icon in your Control Panel.
2. Double-click on the Data Sources (ODBC) icon inside.
3. Choose the System DSN tab.
4. Click on Add in the System DSN tab.
5. Select the Microsoft Access Driver. Click Finish.
6. In the next screen, click Select to locate the database.
7. Give the database a Data Source Name (DSN).
8. Click OK.

37
 Connecting to an ODBC
The odbc_connect() function is used to connect to an
ODBC data source.
The function takes four parameters: the data source name,
username, password, and an optional parameter.
The odbc_exec() function is used to execute an SQL
statement.
Example
The following example creates a connection to a Data
Source called northwind, with no username and no password.
 It then creates an SQL and executes it:
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','','');
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql);

38
 Retrieving Records
The odbc_fetch_row() function is used to return
records from the result-set.
This function returns true if it is able to return
rows, otherwise false.
The function takes two parameters: the ODBC
result identifier and an optional row number:
odbc_fetch_row($rs)

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 Retrieving Fields from a Record
The odbc_result() function is used to read fields from a
record.
This function takes two parameters: the ODBC result set
identifier and a field number or name.
The code line below returns the value of the first field from
the record:
$compname=odbc_result($rs,1);
The code line below returns the value of a field called
"CompanyName":
$compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompanyName");
Closing an ODBC Connection
The odbc_close() function is used to close an ODBC
connection.
odbc_close($conn);
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 The following example shows how to first create a
database connection, then a result-set, and then display
the data in an HTML table
<html>
<body>
<?php
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','','');
if (!$conn)
{exit("Connection Failed: " . $conn);}
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql);
if (!$rs)
{exit("Error in SQL");}
echo "<table><tr>";
echo "<th>Companyname</th>";
echo "<th>Contactname</th></tr>";
while (odbc_fetch_row($rs))
{
$compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompNam“);
$conname=odbc_result($rs,"ContName");
echo "<tr><td>$compname</td>";
echo "<td>$conname</td></tr>";
}
odbc_close($conn);
echo "</table>";
?>
</body>
</html>

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