PRINCIPLE OF DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION (PDC)
– EC 2004
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 SIGNAL

 When a source transmits the information through

the channel to the receiver - it will exploit some
properties of the channel for conveying this
information.

 This gives the concept of signal.

 It could be defined as a physical quantity that

varies with time or any other independent
variable and contains some information.

 It can also be defined as a wave (electro-magnetic)

used to convey information (data) from a
transmitter to a receiver.
 SIGNAL

How it can be
represented..!!
 SIGNAL

 Signals can be classified as Analog &

Digital.
 Analog signals are continuous and can
have infinite no of values in a given range
(i.e., the signal is smooth).

 Digital signals are discrete & can have

only a limited number of values.
ANALOG & DIGITAL SIGNAL:
 SIGNAL

 Many types of signals are available and they

could be classified in different ways. One of them
is according to periodicity –
 Periodic
 Non-periodic / A-periodic

Periodic Wave has some definite time period (and thus

some definite frequency), To after which it repeats
itself.

Non Periodic / A-periodic wave don’t have any definite

time period to produce its exact replica in future (or
its time period is infinite).
 SIGNAL

 Periodic Signal:

 A-periodic Signal:
 COMPOSITE SIGNAL

 Periodic analog signals can be classified as

simple or composite.
 A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.
 A composite periodic analog signal is
decomposed into many simple sine waves of
discrete frequencies.
 If the composite signal is non-periodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of sine
waves with continuous frequencies.
 If a signal does not change at all its frequency is zero. But
if it changes continuously its frequency is infinite .
 COMPOSITE SIGNAL

 Composite periodic Signal:

 SOME SIGNALS

 Unit Step Function:- u(t)

 u(t) = 1 for t ≥ 0 1

= 0 for t < 0. t

u(t-a) = 1 for t > a 1

= 0 for t < a a t
 Unit ramp : - r(t)
 r (t) = t for t ≥ 0

= 0 for t < 0 t

Or r(t) = t.u(t)
 sinc function:-

sinc (t) = sin (t)/t   t  

It oscillates with period 2π and decays with increasing t and value

is 0 at nπ, n – integers.
 Real exponential signal:-
x(t )  Ae at
x(t )  e at ; a  0
a 1
a 1
A A A

0 t 0 t 0 t
 SIGNAL PRESENTATION

 Signals could be presented in two domains:

 Time

 Frequency

 A complete sine wave in time domain can be

represented by a single spike in the frequency
domain.

 The frequency domain is more compact and useful

when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.
TIME DOMAIN & FREQUENCY DOMAIN
PLOT OF A SINE WAVE:
 TIME & FREQUENCY DOMAIN
PRESENTATION OF THREE SINE
WAVES:
 SIGNALS IN COMMUNICATION:

 A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in

data communications.

 We need to send a composite signal, a signal

made of many simple sine waves.

 According to Fourier analysis, any composite

signal is a combination of simple sine waves
with different frequencies, amplitudes, and
phases.
DECOMPOSITION OF A PERIODIC COMPOSITE
SIGNAL IN TIME & FREQUENCY DOMAIN:
 DECOMPOSITION OF A NON PERIODIC
SIGNAL IN TIME & FREQUENCY DOMAIN:
 BANDWIDTH:

The bandwidth of a composite signal

is the difference between the highest and the
lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
BANDWIDTH OF PERIODIC & NON
PERIODIC COMPOSITE SIGNALS:
 FOURIER ANALYSIS

 It’s a special method by which we convert time

domain signal to a frequency domain signal &
vice versa.
 Every composite periodic signal can be
represented with a series of sine and cosine
functions.
 The functions are integral harmonics of the
fundamental frequency “f” of the composite
signal.
 Using the series we can decompose any periodic
signal into its harmonics.
 FOURIER ANALYSIS

 A periodic waveform x(t) (infinite

energy/finite power) has a Fourier Series
representation – power carried at
discrete frequencies.
 A non-periodic waveform x(t) (finite
energy/zero power) has a Fourier
Transform representation – energy
carried at all (a continuum of)
frequencies.
 A ‘random’ waveform x(t), or sample
sequence from a random process (infinite
energy/finite power), has a Power
Spectral Density representation, Sx(f) –
power carried at all (a continuum of)
frequencies.
FOURIER SERIES (TRIGONOMETRIC
FORM
FOURIER SERIES (EXPONENTIAL FORM
TRIGONOMETRIC Vs EXPONENTIAL
Question-1

Convert this v(t) in frequency domain.

 FOURIER TRANSFORM

INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM

SUMMERY OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES
SUMMERY OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES
 CONVOLUTION

 It’s a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a third

signal.
 It states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a
convolution is the pointwise product of Fourier transforms.
 convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain) equals point-wise
multiplication in the other domain (e.g. frequency domain).
 Let ,
 f and g be two functions with convolution f*g.
 F denotes the fourier transform, so F(f) & F(g) denotes the fourier
transform of f & g.
 Then, denotes point wise multiplication.
 Convolution for these two functions are defined as
 SPECTRAL DENSITY

 It describes how the energy or the power of a signal is

distributed with frequency.
 Its classified in two types
 Energy Spectral Density

 Power Spectral Density

ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY
 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

 It describes how the power of a signal is distributed with

frequency. Here power can be the actual physical power can be
defined as the squared value of the signal, that is, as the actual
power if the signal was a voltage applied to a 1-ohm load.
 The power of the signal in a given frequency band can be
calculated by integrating over positive and negative frequencies,

- where, S(f) is the sum of normalized power

contributed by each power spectral line up to frequency f.
 ENERGY & POWER OF SIGNAL

 Any signal x(t) be one of the following;

 Energy Signal

E x 2 (t )dt  Energy Signal, if E  


 Power Signal

1 T /2 2
P  Lim
T  T T / 2
x (t )dt  Power Signal, if 0  P  

 Neither if P = ∞
 ENERGY & POWER OF SIGNAL

 Example: x(t )  e  at  E  
1 T / 2 2at 1  aT  aT  1  aT  
P  Lim
T  T
 T / 2
e dt  Lim
T  2aT 
e  e

 Lim
T  2aT 
e

 ?

1  aT 
 Lim ae   (L'Hopital's Rule):
T  2a  

So this is neither an energy nor power signal.

 2  1
x(t )  e  at u (t )  E  x (t )dt  x 2 (t )dt 
 ,a 0
 0 2a
So this is an energy signal .

 2 1 T /2 1
x(t )  cos(0t )  E   x (t ) dt  ; P  Lim  cos 2 (0t ) dt 
 T  T T / 2 2

This is a power signal .

 PARSEVAL’S THEOREM

 States that power computed in either domain equals

the power in the other. And its given by -