More About Objects and

Methods
Chapter 6

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives
• Define and use constructors
• Write and use static variables and methods
• Use methods from class Math
• Use predefined wrapper classes
• Use stubs, drivers to test classes and programs

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives
• Write and use overloaded methods
• Define and use enumeration methods
• Define and use packages and import statements
• Add buttons and images to JavaFX applications

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Constructors: Outline

• Defining Constructors
• Calling Methods from Constructors
• Calling a Constructor from Other Constructors

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Defining Constructors
• A special method called when instance of an object created with new
• Create objects
• Initialize values of instance variables
• Can have parameters
• To specify initial values if desired
• May have multiple definitions
• Each with different numbers or types of parameters

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining Constructors

• Example class to represent pets

• Figure 6.1 Class Diagram for Class Pet

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Defining Constructors
• Note sample code, listing 6.1
class Pet
• Note different constructors
• Default
• With 3 parameters
• With String parameter
• With double parameter
• Note sample program, listing 6.2
class PetDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining Constructors

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining Constructors

• Constructor without parameters is the default constructor

• Java will define this automatically if the class designer does not define any
constructors
• If you do define a constructor, Java will not automatically define a default
constructor
• Usually default constructors not included in class diagram

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Defining Constructors
• Figure 6.2 A constructor
returning a reference

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Calling Methods from Other Constructors
• Constructor can call other class methods

• View sample code, listing 6.3

class Pet2
• Note method set
• Keeps from repeating code

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Calling Constructor from Other Constructors

• From listing 6.3 we have the initial constructor and method set
• In the other constructors use the this reference to call initial
constructor
• View revised class, listing 6.4
class Pet3
• Note calls to initial constructor

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Static Variables & Methods: Outline
• Static Variables
• Static Methods
• Dividing the Task of a main Method into Subtasks
main Method to a class
• Adding a

• The Math Class

• Wrapper Classes

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Static Variables
• Static variables are shared by all objects of a class
• Variables declared static final are considered constants – value cannot
be changed
• Variables declared static (without final) can be changed
• Only one instance of the variable exists
• It can be accessed by all instances of the class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Static Variables

• Static variables also called class variables

• Contrast with instance variables
• Do not confuse class variables with variables of a class type
• Both static variables and instance variables are sometimes called
fields or data members

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Static Methods

• Some methods may have no relation to any type of object

• Example
• Compute max of two integers
• Convert character from upper- to lower case
• Static method declared in a class
• Can be invoked without using an object
• Instead use the class name

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Static Methods

• View sample class, listing 6.5

class DimensionConverter
• View demonstration program, listing 6.6
class DimensionConverterDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Mixing Static and Nonstatic Methods

• View sample class, listing 6.7

class SavingsAccount
• View demo program, listing 6.8
class SavingsAccountDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Tasks of main in Subtasks
• Program may have
• Complicated logic
• Repetitive code
• Create static methods to accomplish subtasks
• Consider example code, listing 6.9
a main method with repetitive code
• Note alternative code, listing 6.10
uses helping methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Adding Method main to a Class

• Method main used so far in its own class within a

separate file
• Often useful to include method main within class
definition
• To create objects in other classes
• To be run as a program
• Note example code, listing 6.11
a redefined class Species
• When used as ordinary class, method main ignored

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 The Math Class
• Provides many standard mathematical methods
• Automatically provided, no import needed
• Example methods, figure 6.3a

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Math Class

• Example methods, figure 6.3b

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Random Numbers

• Math.random()returns a random double that is greater than or

equal to zero and less than 1
• Java also has a Random class to generate random numbers
• Can scale using addition and multiplication; the following simulates
rolling a six sided die
int die = (int) (6.0 * Math.random()) + 1;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Wrapper Classes

• Recall that arguments of primitive type treated differently from

those of a class type
• May need to treat primitive value as an object
• Java provides wrapper classes for each primitive type
• Methods provided to act on values

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Wrapper Classes
• Allow programmer to have an object that corresponds to value of
primitive type
• Contain useful predefined constants and methods
• Wrapper classes have no default constructor
• Programmer must specify an initializing value when creating new object
• Wrapper classes have no set methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Wrapper Classes
• Figure 6.4a Static methods in class Character

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Wrapper Classes
• Figure 6.4b Static methods in class Character

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Writing Methods: Outline

• Case Study: Formatting Output

• Decomposition
• Addressing Compiler Concerns
• Testing Methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Formatting Output
Algorithm to display a double amount as dollars and cents
1.dollars = the number of whole dollars in amount.
2. cents = the number of cents in amount. Round if there
are more than two digits after the decimal point.
3. Display a dollar sign, dollars, and a decimal point.
4. Display cents as a two-digit integer.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Formatting Output

• View sample code, listing 6.12

class DollarFormatFirstTry
• Note code to separate dollars and cents
• Note if-else statement
• View sample program, listing 6.13
class DollarFormatFirstTryDriver
• Note call to the write method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Formatting Output

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Formatting Output

• View corrected code, listing 6.14

class DollarFormat
• Note code to handle negative values
• Program in listing 6.13 will now print values correctly

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Decomposition

• Recall pseudocode from previous slide

• With this pseudocode we decompose the task into subtasks
• Then solve each subtask
• Combine code of subtasks
• Place in a method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Addressing Compiler Concerns

• Compiler ensures necessary tasks are done

• Initialize variables
• Include return statement
• Rule of thumb: believe the compiler
• Change the code as requested by compiler
• It is most likely correct

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Testing Methods

• To test a method use a driver program

• Example – code in listing 6.13
• Every method in a class should be tested
• Bottom-up testing
• Test code at end of sequence of method calls first
• Use a stub – simplified version of a method for testing purposes

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Overloading: Outline

• Overloading Basics
• Overloading and Automatic Type Conversion
• Overloading and the Return Type
• Programming Example: A Class for Money

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Overloading Basics

• When two or more methods have same name within the same class
• Java distinguishes the methods by number and types of parameters
• If it cannot match a call with a definition, it attempts to do type conversions
• A method's name and number and type of parameters is called the
signature

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Overloading Basics

• View example program, listing 6.15

class Overload
• Note overloaded method getAverage

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Overloading and Type Conversion
• Overloading and automatic type conversion can
conflict
• Recall definition of Pet class of listing 6.1
• If we pass an integer to the constructor we get the
constructor for age, even if we intended the constructor
for weight
• Remember the compiler attempts to overload
before it does type conversion
• Use descriptive method names, avoid overloading

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Overloading and Return Type

• You must not overload a method where the only difference is the
type of value returned

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• A class for money

• View sample class, listing 6.16
class Money
• Note use of
• Private instance variables
• Methods to set values
• Methods for doing arithmetic operations

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• View demo program, listing 6.17

class MoneyDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Information Hiding Revisited

Privacy Leaks
• Instance variable of a class type contain address
where that object is stored
• Assignment of class variables results in two
variables pointing to same object
• Use of method to change either variable, changes the
actual object itself
• View insecure class, listing 6.18
class petPair

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Information Hiding Revisited
• View sample
program,
Sample
Sample
listing 6.19
screen
screen
class Hacker output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Enumeration as a Class
• Consider defining an enumeration for
suits of cards
enum Suit {CLUBS, DIAMONDS, HEARTS, SPADES}
• Compiler creates a class with methods
• equals
• compareTo
• ordinal
• toString
• valueOf

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Enumeration as a Class

• View enhanced enumeration, listing 6.20

enum Suit
• Note
• Instance variables
• Additional methods
• Constructor

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Packages: Outline

• Packages and Importing

• Package Names and Directories
• Name Clashes

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Packages and Importing

• A package is a collection of classes grouped

together into a folder
• Name of folder is name of package
• Each class
• Placed in a separate file
• Has this line at the beginning of the file
package Package_Name;
• Classes use packages by use of import statement

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Package Names and Directories

• Package name tells compiler path name for directory containing

classes of package
• Search for package begins in class path base directory
• Package name uses dots in place of / or \
• Name of package uses relative path name starting from any directory
in class path

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Package Names and Directories

• Figure 6.5 A package name

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Name Clashes

• Packages help in dealing with name clashes

• When two classes have same name
• Different programmers may give same name to two classes
• Ambiguity resolved by using the package name

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Graphics Supplement: Outline

• Adding buttons
• Adding button images

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Adding Buttons

• Create object of type Button

• Then add to the scene
• Buttons don’t do anything yet when clicked, this is covered in the
chapter 8

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Adding Buttons

• Application Output

IfIfthe
theuser
userclicks
clickseither
eitherof
of
these
thesebuttons,
buttons,nothing
nothing
happens.
happens.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Adding Images

• An image is a picture
• Can load an image stored in standard formats by creating an Image
object and sending in the pathname to the file
Image img = new Image(“pathname-to-image-file“);
• Image can be added to other components, such as a button
btn.setGraphic(new ImageView(img));

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Button Image Demo

• View button image demo, listing 6.22

class IconDemo
• Note
• Creation of image
• Attaching
image to button

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Constructor method creates, initializes object of a class

• Default constructor has no parameters
• Within a constructor use this as name for another constructor in
same class
• A static variable shared by all objects of the class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Primitive type has wrapper class to allow treatment as an object

• Java performs automatic type cast between primitive type and object
of wrapper class as needed
• Divide method tasks into subtasks
• Test all methods individually

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Methods with same name, different signatures are overloaded

methods
• An enumeration is a class – can have instance variables, constructors,
methods
• A package of class definitions grouped together in same folder,
contain a package statement at beginning of each class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved