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Data Link MAC Layer

This section discusses multiple access protocols and access control protocols like random access protocols ALOHA and CSMA, controlled access protocols including reservation, polling and token passing, and channelization protocols such as FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Details are provided on how each protocol works and examples are given.

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25 views23 pages

Data Link MAC Layer

This section discusses multiple access protocols and access control protocols like random access protocols ALOHA and CSMA, controlled access protocols including reservation, polling and token passing, and channelization protocols such as FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Details are provided on how each protocol works and examples are given.

Uploaded by

prishasingh1104
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Link MAC Layer

Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Session Objectives
• Multiple Access Protocols
• Random Access Protocols
• Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA
• CSMA/CD
• CSMA/CA
• Controlled Access Protocols
• Reservation
• Polling
• Token Passing
• Channelization Protocols
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
Multiple Access Protocols
• Many protocols have been devised to handle access to a shared link. These are called MAC
protocols.
• Categories: Random-access, controlled-access and channelization protocols
RANDOM ACCESS

• In random-access or contention no station is superior to another station and none is assigned


control over another.

• At each instance, a station that has data to send uses a procedure defined by the protocol to
make a decision on whether or not to send.

• This decision depends on the state of the medium (idle or busy).

Examples: PURE ALOHA , SLOTTED ALOHA, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA


ALOHA Protocol

• ALOHA, the earliest random access method, was developed at the University of Hawaii in early
1970.

• It was designed for a radio (wireless) LAN, but it can be used on any shared medium.

• It is obvious that there are potential collisions in this arrangement.

• The medium is shared between the stations.

• When a station sends data, another station may attempt to do so at the same time. The data from
the two stations collide and become garbled.
Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA Protocol

Pure ALOHA network Slotted ALOHA network


Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocol
• To minimize the chance of collision and, therefore, increase the performance, the CSMA method
was developed.
• Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) requires that each station first listen (sense) to the medium
before sending.
• In other words, CSMA is based on the principle “sense before transmit” or “listen before talk.”
CSMA persistence methods
CSMA/CD Protocol
• The CSMA method does not specify the procedure following a collision. Carrier sense multiple
access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) augments the algorithm to handle the collision.

• In this method, a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the transmission was
successful. If so, the station is finished. If, however, there is a collision, the frame is sent again.
CSMA/CD Collision Abortion
CSMA/CA Protocol
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) was invented for wireless
networks.
• Collisions are avoided through the use of CSMA/CA’s three strategies: the inter frame space, the
contention window, and acknowledgments.
Controlled Access Protocol

Reservation
•In the reservation method, a station needs to make a reservation before sending data.
•Time is divided into intervals.
•In each interval, a reservation frame precedes the data frames sent in that interval.
Controlled Access Protocol
Polling
•Polling works with topologies in which one device is designated as a primary station and the other
devices are secondary stations.
•All data exchanges must be made through the primary device even when the ultimate destination is a
secondary device.
•The primary device controls the link; the secondary devices follow its instructions.
•It is up to the primary device to determine which device is allowed to use the channel at a given time.
Controlled Access Protocol

Token Passing
•In the token-passing method, the stations in a network are organized in a logical ring. In other
words, for each station, there is a predecessor and a successor.
•The predecessor is the station which is logically before the station in the ring; the successor is the
station which is after the station in the ring.
Channelization Protocol

Channelization (or channel partition, as it is sometimes called) is a multiple-access method in which the
available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, among different stations.

Example: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.

FDMA:
•In frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is divided into frequency
bands.
•Each station is allocated a band to send its data.
•Each band is reserved for a specific station, and it belongs to the station all the time.
•Each station also uses a band pass filter to confine the transmitter frequencies.
FDMA Protocol
TDMA Protocol
TDMA:
•In time-division multiple access (TDMA), the stations share the bandwidth of the channel in time.
•Each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data. Each station transmits its data in
its assigned time slot.
CDMA Protocol
CDMA:
•CDMA differs from FDMA in that only one channel occupies the entire bandwidth of the link.
•It differs from TDMA in that all stations can send data simultaneously; there is no timesharing.
Chipping Sequence and Data Representation in CDMA
Channel Sharing in CDMA
Signal Representation in CDMA
Summary

In this section we have discussed the following:

Multiple Access Protocols


Access control Protocols like TDMA, FDMA, CDMA and CSMA etc.

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