EL- 303

Computer Communication
Networks

SPRING 2020
Engr. Marium Ata
SPRING 2023
Week 1
Week 1- Introduction
Learning Objectives
• To realize the importance of Networks in our life
• To for see the future trends in networking
• Differentiate between natural and man made networks
 Why study this Course?
 We are an application centric society now.
Can we survive without cell phones, Bykea, uber , WhatsApp,
facebook , instagram, foodpanda?
We are highly addicted to technology for healthcare, banking,
industry, entertainment, business and education.
We will “die” without connectivity
 Technology as a Sixth Sense

 We want it Anytime, Anywhere, Everywhere.

 Technology is our SIXTH sense now
 Information/data must be Ubiquitous and one thing that makes this possible are “Networks”
Benefits

Certifications Career Personal

• CCNA Options Productivity
• NETWORK • Immigration • Performance
• CEH • Good jobs
optimization
CLOs
Understand the fundamental concepts, trends, terminologies, transmission media and role
1. of devices used in Computer Networks and internetworking.

Explain the use of reference models and identify the functionality of each layer of the OSI
2. model.

Develop an understanding of TCP/IP suite, IP addressing , Routing protocols and Switching

3. techniques

Explain the various issues/mechanisms related to Channel access, protocols, link protocols,
4. end-to-end protocols and application level protocols.

Develop an understanding of Quality of service requirement in a network, various

5. cryptography techniques and implementation of Network security
BUZZ 2023
• IoT
• Cloud Computing
• Grid Computing
• Fog Computing
• Quantum Computing
• AI
• Machine learning
• Big Data
• Deep learning
• Blockchain
• Nanotechnology
Introduction
• “Net –Work”………….a “net "that works
• We have many Non-Technology networks
around us created by nature.
Networks Around Us
• Universe, Galaxy
• Human Body
• Tree
• Spider web
• Family
• Trains
• Air Routes
Man Made Networks- Computer Networks
• A computer network is a group of computer
systems and other computing hardware devices
that are linked together through communication
channels to facilitate communication and
resource-sharing among a wide range of users.
Why we need “Computer Networks”?
• Facilitate communication
• Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device
like a printer or scanner.
• Enable file sharing across the network.
• Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs
on remote systems.
• Make information easier to access and maintain among
network users.
Network Components
• User
• Sender
• Receiver
• Medium
• Protocol
• Application
• Cloud
Protocol
Every Application we
use needs a Protocol:
• Web Browsing
• File Upload/Download
• Video Streaming
• WhatsApp
• Email
• Counterstrike
• File copy
• Ecommerce
 Networking Devices
• Server
• Client
• NIC
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Gateway
• Firewall
• Access point
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
• Ethernet card, also known as network interface card (NIC), is a hardware
component used by computers to connect to Ethernet LAN and communicate with
other devices on the LAN.
• The earliest Ethernet cards were external to the system and needed to be installed
manually. In modern computer systems, it is an internal hardware component. The
NIC has RJ45 socket where network cable is physically plugged in.

 Repeater
• A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the
signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or
corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network. When the signal becomes weak,
they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. It
is a 2 port device.
Hub
• A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming
from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which
connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices.
• Active Hub:- which have their own power supply and can clean,
boost and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both
as a repeater as well as wiring center. These are used to extend
the maximum distance between nodes.
• Passive Hub :- which collect wiring from nodes and power supply
from active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network
without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend
the distance between nodes.
Bridge
• A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and
destination.
• It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol.It
has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
Switch
• A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer
and a design that can boost its efficiency(a
large number of ports imply less traffic) and
performance. A switch is a data link layer
device.
• The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as
it does not forward packets that have errors
and forward good packets selectively to
correct port only.
ROUTERS:
• A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based
on their IP addresses.
• Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets
• Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to
connect two networks together that may work upon different
networking models. They basically work as the messenger
agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and
transfer it to another system.
 MODEMS
• The word is the combination of MODulation and the DEmodulation operations.
• A modem is a device used to connect any computer to an internet connection.
• A modem converts digital signals into analog signals so that it can travel through
telephone lines.
 PATCH PANEL
• Patch panels bundle multiple network ports together
to connect incoming and outgoing lines — including
those for local area networks, electronics, electrical
systems and communications. When patch panels
are part of a LAN, they can connect computers to
other computers and to outside lines.
• Those lines, in turn, allow LANs to connect to wide
area networks or to the Internet. To arrange circuits
using a patch panel, you simply plug and unplug the
appropriate patch cords. Troubleshooting problems
are simplified with patch panels since they provide a
single location for all input jacks.
Wi Fi
A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones,
televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a
wireless network is a lot like two-way radio
communication.
A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio
signal and transmits it using an antenna.
A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it.
The router sends the information to the Internet using a
physical, wired Ethernet connection.
The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving
information from the Internet, translating it into a radio
signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter.
Data Centre
A data center is a facility that centralizes an organization's shared
IT operations and equipment for the purposes of storing,
processing, and disseminating data and applications. Because
they house an organization's most critical and proprietary assets,
data centers are vital to the continuity of daily operation
Medium
Network Icons
 Types of connections
 Point to point
A dedicated link is provided between two
devices
 Multipoint
More than two specific devices share a
single link